North Korea Has Scored a Major Victory in the Battle Against Information

 

Martyn Williams

July 21, 2025

The propagandists and censors at the Workers’ Party of Korea can probably hardly believe their luck. For decades they have battled against a constant, daily flow of uncensored news and information into North Korea that directly contradicts the stories they tell their own people about Kim Jong Un, the Korean Peninsula, and the world. 

But in the last three months, everything has changed. The battle has taken a decisive turn in North Korea’s favor and they did not need to do a thing.

Since May, the number of hours of foreign radio programming broadcast into North Korea has been reduced by almost 80 percent. Given the direction of both the US and South Korean administrations on this issue, that level could fall even further over the coming months.

Additional story at: 

North Korea Has Scored a Major Victory in the Battle Against Information - NK TechLab

North and South Korea are in an underground war - Kim Jong Un might now be winning

 

Jean Mackenzie

Seoul correspondent

The border between North and South Korea is swamped with layers of dense barbed-wire fencing and hundreds of guard posts. But dotted among them is something even more unusual: giant, green camouflaged speakers.

As I stood looking into the North one afternoon last month, one of the speakers began blasting South Korean pop songs interspersed with subversive messages. "When we travel abroad, it energises us", a woman's voice boomed out across the border - an obvious slight given North Koreans are not allowed to leave the country.

From the North Korean side, I could faintly hear military propaganda music, as its regime attempted to drown out the inflammatory broadcasts.

North and South Korea are technically still at war, and although it has been years since either side shelled the other, the two sides are fighting on a more subtle front: a war of information.

Additional story at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98pnx35xj2o

North Korea confirms July 27 holiday for next major military parade

 

Troop formations show big plans to mark the anniversary of the end of the Korean War and possibly showcase more nuclear weapons

North Korea appears to have confirmed a July 27 war holiday as the date of the country’s next military parade, troop formations captured in satellite imagery shows, as soldiers continue to carry out large-scale marching practices in preparation for the event.

The military parade will be Pyongyang’s second in six months and seventh in under five years and could feature the display of new nuclear weapons and other capabilities. 

NK Pro analysis of Planet Labs satellite imagery taken on Sunday shows soldiers making formations in the shapes of the word “Victory” (??) and number “70” — likely referencing the 70th anniversary of the end of the Korean War on July 27 — at the Mirim military parade training grounds in southeastern Pyongyang.

North Korea officially calls the anniversary “Victory Day” or the “day of victory in the Fatherland Liberation War.” 

Additional story at: https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-confirms-july-27-holiday-for-next-major-military-parade-imagery/

Will Voice of Korea have special programming to commemorate 70 years? It is certainly worth checking their English service for their on-air presence.

Voice of Korea - 200 kW Kujang

All times UTC

English

7220 Voice of Korea 0400-0457 1234567

9445 Voice of Korea 0400-0457 1234567

9730 Voice of Korea 0400-0457 1234567

11735 Voice of Korea 0400-0457 1234567

13760 Voice of Korea 0400-0457 1234567

15180 Voice of Korea 0400-0457 1234567

13650 Voice of Korea 0500-0557 1234567

15105 Voice of Korea 0500-0557 1234567

7220 Voice of Korea 0600-0657 1234567

9445 Voice of Korea 0600-0657 1234567

9730 Voice of Korea 0600-0657 1234567

11710 Voice of Korea 1000-1057 1234567

11735 Voice of Korea 1000-1057 1234567

13650 Voice of Korea 1000-1057 1234567

15180 Voice of Korea 1000-1057 1234567

9435 Voice of Korea 1300-1357 1234567

11710 Voice of Korea 1300-1357 1234567

13760 Voice of Korea 1300-1357 1234567

15245 Voice of Korea 1300-1357 1234567

9435 Voice of Korea 1500-1557 1234567

11710 Voice of Korea 1500-1557 1234567

13760 Voice of Korea 1500-1557 1234567

15245 Voice of Korea 1500-1557 1234567

9890 Voice of Korea 1600-1657 1234567

11645 Voice of Korea 1600-1657 1234567

13760 Voice of Korea 1800-1857 1234567

15245 Voice of Korea 1800-1857 1234567

7210 Voice of Korea 1900-1957 1234567

9875 Voice of Korea 1900-1957 1234567

11635 Voice of Korea 1900-1957 1234567

11910 Voice of Korea 1900-1957 1234567

13760 Voice of Korea 2100-2157 1234567

15245 Voice of Korea 2100-2157 1234567

(AOKI 12 Jun 2023)

US invests millions to expose regime to North Koreans

 

And what station can you speculate will bring the truth to North Koreans?  

Julian Ryall

01/16/2023

Utilizing radio and "internet freedom tools," Washington intends to tell North Korean citizens the truth about Kim Jong Un's repressive regime and encourage them to "ask more questions."

The United States will invest $50 million (€46 million) over the next five years to surreptitiously bring information about the outside world into North Korea — hoping to improve the image of the US and South Korea for North Koreans.

US hopes North Koreans 'ask more questions

Washington is playing catch-up to Russia, which has been particularly effective at planting propaganda that furthers its own geopolitical aims, Pinkston said.

The US program will focus on additional radio programming in the North as well as the development of "internet freedom tools," which are designed to help users circumvent limitations placed on free access to the digital world by the North Korean government.

Additional story at: 

https://www.dw.com/en/us-to-invest-millions-to-expose-kim-jong-un-regime-to-north-koreans/a-64405400

(photo/VOA News)

Monitoring North Korea during Kim Jong Un's Health Crisis

Kim Jong Un, the North Korean dictator, is recovering Tuesday from a cardiovascular procedure, according to a South Korean media reports.

The Daily NK, an online news periodical based in Seoul, which is run mostly by North Korean defectors, reported that Kim, 36, was recovering from his April 12 surgery at a resort county villa on the east coast. The report said Kim has been in bad health because of heavy smoking, obesity and overwork.

Sources told Fox News that the White House is aware of the reports of Kim's health, but there is no confirmation.

Additional story and video at:
https://www.foxnews.com/world/kim-jong-un-cardiovascular-procedure-north-korea

North Korea, VO Korea - A20 Summer

All times UTC / Target Areas

programming routinely closes by 57 minutes after the hour

Arabic
1500 9890 11645 Near/Middle East; North Africa
1700 9890 11645 Near/Middle East; North Africa

Chinese
0300 13650 15105 Southeast Asia
0500 7220 9445 9730 Northeast China
0600 13650 15105 Southeast Asia
0800 7220 9445 Northeast China
1100 7220 9445 Northeast China
1300 11735 13650 Southeast Asia
2100 7235 9445 Northeast China
2100 9875 11635 China
2200 7235 9445 Northeast China
2200 9875 11635 China

German
1600 9425 12015 Europe
1800 9425 12015 Europe
1900 9425 12015 Europe

English
0400 7220 9445 9730 Northeast Asia
0400 11735 13760 15180 Central & South America
0500 13650 15105 Southeast Asia
0600 7220 9445 9730 Northeast Asia
1000 11710 15180 Central & South America
1000 11735 13650 Southeast Asia
1300 9435 11710 North America
1300 13760 15245 Western Europe
1500 9435 11710 North America
1500 13760 15245 Western Europe
1600 9890 11645 Near/Middle East; North Africa
1800 13760 15245 Western Europe
1900 7210 11910 South Africa
1900 9875 11635 Near/Middle East; North Africa
2100 13760 15245 Western Europe

French
0400 13650 15105 Southeast Asia
0600 11735 13760 15180 Central & South America
1100 11710 15180 Centra/South America
1100 11735 13650 Southeast Asia
1400 9435 11710 North America
1400 13760 15245 Western Europe
1600 9435 11710 North America
1600 13760 15245 Western Europe
1800 7210 11910 South Africa
1800 9875 11635 Near/Middle East; North Africa
2000 13760 15245 Western Europe

Japanese
0700 621 9650 11865 Japan
0800 621 9650 11865 Japan
0900 621 6070 9650 11865 Japan
1000 621 6070 9650 11865 Japan
1100 621 6070 9650 11865 Japan
1200 621 6070 9650 11865 Japan
2100 621 9650 11865 Japan
2200 621 9650 11865 Japan
2300 621 9650 11865 Japan

Korean
0300 (PBS)* *7220 *9445 *9730 Northeast China
0700 (PBS)* *7220 *9445 Northeast China
0900 (KCBS) 7220 9445 Northeast China
0900 (PBS)* *9875 *11735 Far Eastern Russia
0900 (PBS)* *13760 *15245 Europe
1000 (PBS)* *7220 *9445 Northeast China
1200 (KCBS) 11710 15180 Central/South America
1200 (KCBS) 11735 13650 Southeast Asia
1200 (PBS)* *7220 *9445 Northeast China
1300 (PBS)* *9425 *12015 Europe
1400 (KCBS) 11735 13650 Southeast Asia
1700 (KCBS) 9435 11710 North America
1700 (KCBS) 13760 15245 Western Europe
2000 (KCBS) 7210 11910 South Africa
2000 (KCBS) 9425 12015 Europe
2000 (KCBS) 9875 11635 Near/Middle East; North Africa
2300 (KCBS) 7235 9445 Northeast China
2300 (KCBS) 9875 11635 China
2300 (KCBS) 13760 15245 Western Europe

Russian
0700 9875 11735 Far Eastern Russia
0700 13760 15245 Europe
0800 9875 11735 Far Eastern Russia
0800 13760 15245 Europe
1400 9425 12015 Europe
1500 9425 12015 Europe
1700 9425 12015 Europe

Spanish
0300 11735 13760 15180 Central/South America
0500 11735 13760 15180 Central/South America
1900 13760 15245 Western Europe
2200 13760 15245 Western Europe
* inactive
(Anulf Piontek, Germany)
(Global Radio Guide - Summer 2020)

Frequency updates, Shiokaze (Sea Breeze)

Clandestine - Shiokaze (Sea Breeze)

Effective: 04 February, 2020

All times UTC

1300-1400 6145 YAM 300 kW / 280 deg to NEAs, ex 7310 // freq. at same time on 7245 YAM 300 kW / 280 deg to NEAs, ex 7345 as follows:

1300-1330 Japanese Mon/Tue/Sat/Sun; Korean Wed/Fri; English Thu
1330-1400 Korean Wed/Fri/Sat/Sun; Japanese Mon/Tue; English Thu
1600-1700 5955 YAM 300 kW / 280 deg to NEAs, ex 6085 // freq. at same time 6020 YAM 300 kW / 280 deg to NEAs, ex 7325 as follows:

1600-1630 Japanese Mon/Tue/Sat/Sun; Korean Wed/Fri; English Thu
1630-1700 Korean Wed/Fri/Sat/Sun; Japanese Mon/Tue; English Thu

Frequency changes of Furusato no Kaze via JSR Shiokaze
1405-1435 6070 YAM 300 kW / 280 deg to NEAs Japanese, ex 6085
1405-1435 7325 YAM 300 kW / 280 deg to NEAs Japanese, ex 7260
(DXB)

Shiokaze (Sea Breeze)  is produced by the private "Investigation Commission on Missing Japanese Probably Related  to North Korea.

Programming is aimed  at reaching Japanese citizens  believed to have been abducted to North Korea from 1977-1983. Frequencies are frequently adjusted, due to ongoing jamming.

Website: http://www.chosa-kai.jp/siokaze
comjansite2003@chosa-kai.jp

Monitoring observations of North and South Korea

Monitoring North (KRE) and South Korea (KOR)

All times UTC // parallel frequency

Radio Pyongyang, North Korea QSL (Gayle Van Horn Collection)

620.951 1300-2000 KRE  PYONGYANG BS  Kor Chongjin-Nanam,  13.10 UT
         S=9+10dB in remote Akitakata JPN SDR unit.
656.996 2100-2000 KRE  PYONGYANG BS  Kor Pyongyang  S=9+5 13.12 UT
810.170 2000-1800 KRE  KCBS  Kor Kaesong    S=8   13.15 UT
818.994 2000-1800 KRE  KCBS // 3220  Kor Pyongyang  S=9+10dB 13.17 UT

972even 0350-2400 KOR  KBS Hanminjok Bangsong 1,Dangjin S=9+25dB 13.19 UT
1142.984 0700-0100 KOR  RADIO FREE KOREA Kyonggi-do Koyan S=8-9
         underneath KBS Kyoto JPN, 13.22 UT.
1170even 1300-1400 KOR  KBS WORLD R   Chi Kimjae     S=9+30dB 13.25 UT
1188even 1100-1500 KOR  VOA  Kor HLKX Seoul S=9+15dB 13.27 UT
1566even 1230-1345 KOR  FEBC/RFA/VOA  Kor/Jap/Chi/Rus Jeju S=9+45dB 13.27

2850even 2000-1800 KRE  KCBS PyongyangKor Pyongyang  S=9+35dB 13.33 UT
3219.881 2000-1800 KRE  KCBS PyongyangKor Hamnung    S=9+20dB 13.36 UT
3219.881 1800-2000 KRE  PYONGYANG BS  Kor Hamnung
3319.994 2100-1900 KRE  PYONGYANG BS  Kor Pyongyang  S=9+30dB 13.38 UT

KBS Korea, SOuth Korea QSL (Gayle Van Horn Collection)

3479.987 0458-2302 KOR  VOP   Kor Kyonggi-do S=9+40dB 13.39 UT
3909.965 0458-2302 KOR  VOP   Kor Kyonggi-do S=9+40dB 13.40 UT

3910     0530-2400 KRE  North Korean heavy Jamming   Noi Kujang
3920     2000-1800 KRE  KCBS PyongyangKor Hyesan     NIL not on air
3930     0530-2400 KRE  North Korean heavy Jamming   Noi Kujang

3930.003 0458-2302 KOR  VOP Kor Kyonggi-do S=9+40dB 13.41 UT

3970     0400-2400 KRE  Echo of Unif. Kor Chongjin-Nanam NIL not on air

3985.012 0655-0100 KOR  Echo of H.-VOHKor Hwaseong   S=9+35dB 13.43 UT

3985     0530-2400 KRE  North Korean heavy Jamming   Noi Kujang
4449.927 0455-2300 KRE  North Korean heavy Jamming   Noi Kujang

4450even 0458-2302 KOR  VOP  Kor Kyonggi-do     S=9+35dB 13.45 UT

4557     0455-2300 KRE  North Korean heavy jamming   Noi Kujang S=9+30dB

4885even 0655-0100 KOR  EoHope-VOH Kor Seoul not jammed,  S=9+30dB 13.54UT
5857.508 0000-2400 KOR  HLL2Seoul Meteorological Kor Seoul,H3E mode
5920even 0258-0206 KOR  VoFreedom Kor Hwaseong, NIL only jamming S=9+20dB

5995     0355-0002 KRE  North Korean Jamming  Noi Kujang -31dBm

5995.031 0655-0100 KOR  EoHOPE-VOH Kor Hwaseong S=9+45dB powerhouse14.06UT

6003     0355-0002 KRE  North Korean Jamming    Noi Kujang S=9+45dB14.08UT

6015even 0350-2400 KOR  KBS Hanminjok Bangsong1 Kor Hwaseong S=9+40dB

6015     0355-0002 KRE  North Korean heavy Jamming  Noi Kujang    14.09 UT
6100even 2000-1800 KRE  KCBS Pyongyang Kor Kanggye       S=9+30dB 14.10 UT
6135     0550-0002 KRE  North Korean Jamming Noi Kujang  S=9+35dB 14.12 UT
6249.997 0550-0002 KRE  North Korean Jamming Noi Kujang  S=9+40dB 14.24 UT

6250even 0655-0100 KOR  EoHOPE-VOH Kor Seoul S=9+40dB powerful    14.25 UT

6250even 0400-2400 KRE  Echo of Unification  Kor Pyongyang ??
6350     0550-0002 KRE  North Korean Jamming Noi Kujang

6350.033 0655-0100 KOR  EoHOPE-VOH Kor Hwaseong  S=9+35dB 14.30 UT

6400.005 2100-1800 KRE  PYONGYANG BS Kor Kanggye  S=9+35dB 14.35 UT

6519.971 0458-2302 KOR  VOICE OF THE PEOPLE  Kor Kyonggi-do  S=9+30dB

6520     0455-2300 KRE  North Korean Jamming Noi Kujang  14.37 UT
6529.492 14.39 UT  KRE  North Korean Jamming ?? Bubble-Ditter jamming

6600even 0458-2302 KOR  VOICE OF THE PEOPLE  Kor Kyonggi-do  S=9+30dB

6600     0455-2300 KRE  North Korean Jamming Noi Kujang  14.40 UT

9100even 0655-0100 KOR  EoHOPE-VOH Kor Seoul not jamming S=9+20dB 14.43 UT

9665even 2000-1800 KRE  KCBS Pyongyang Kor Kanggye  S=8-9   14.45 UT
heavy QRM of adjacent 9660 kHz, TWN International and mainland CHN
few CNR1 jammer.
11680even2000-1800 KRE  KCBS Pyongyang Kor Kanggye  S=9  14.52 UT
// 810, 2850, 3220, and 9665 kHz.
[selected SDR options, span 12.5 kHz RBW 15.3 Hertz]
(wb  df5sx, wwdxc BC-DX TopNews May 13)
(WWDXC Top News 18 May #1384)

Has There Been a Thaw in the Inter-Korean Radio War?

The two countries agreed to cease “hostile actions” in May, but jamming and propaganda broadcasts persist

By Hans Johnson, September 7, 2018

Has there been a thaw in the inter-Korean radio war of “hostile” radio broadcasts and jamming?

Hopes were raised coming out of the April 27 summit, as the leaders of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea declared that the nations would “cease all hostile acts against each other in every domain.”

Specifically, “ceasing as of May 1 this year, all hostile acts and eliminating their means, including broadcasting through loudspeakers and distribution of leaflets in the areas along the Military Demarcation Line.”

Addition story at Radio World: https://www.radioworld.com/global/has-there-been-a-thaw-in-the-inter-korean-radio-war

Tanks ... but no ICBM present in massive North Korean parade to mark 70th anniversary

Kim Jong un did not address the crowd and celebrations more subdued than usual as talk continue with the United States

North Korea staged a huge military parade on Sunday to mark 70 years since the country’s founding, but avoided jeopardizing ongoing talks with the United States by not displaying its most powerful weapons and making no mention of its nuclear program.

The country’s leader, Kim Jong-un, attended the march, but did not address the crowd which was estimated to be about 50,000, according to the Associated Press and CNN. Kim Yong-nam, head of North Korea’s parliament, delivered a speech that focused on the economy.

Kim Jong-un watched the parade with the head of China’s parliament, Li Zhanshu, and “they locked hands and raised arms at the end”, CNN reported. The speaker of the Russian parliament’s upper house, Valentina Matvienko, also attended.

Addition story, You Tube video at The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/09/north-korea-stages-huge-military-parade-to-mark-70th-anniversary

(photo/Arab News)

Voice of Korea broadcast schedule update from 05 May 2018

Voice of Korea QSL (Gayle Van Horn Collection)

On Saturday, 05 May 2018, 03:00 UTC, VOICE OF KOREA, the official external broadcasting service of the DPR Korea (North) from Pyongyang, will introduce the amended A18/2 Summer schedule due to the resetting of Pyongyang Standard time to UTC +9. Please find detailed lists attached.

VOICE OF KOREA are anxious to get reception reports and letters from their listeners.
Please send all mail to:

VOICE OF KOREA
PYONGYANG
DPR KOREA (NORTH)

eMail: VOK@star-co.net.kp

Internet: http://vok.rep.kp/CBC/index.php?CHANNEL=6

Enjoy listening and our hobby!

Vy 73,

Arnulf Piontek
Berlin
Germany

Revised schedules from Voice of Korea
All times UTC

Arabic

15⁰⁰                  9890    11645                                                    Near & Middle East; North Africa
17⁰⁰                  9890    11645                                                    Near & Middle East; North Africa

Chinese

03⁰⁰                13650    15105                                                    Southeast Asia
05⁰⁰                  7220      9445      9730                                      Northeast China
06⁰⁰                13650    15105                                                    Southeast Asia
08⁰⁰                  7220      9445                                                    Northeast China
11⁰⁰                  7220      9445                                                    Northeast China
13⁰⁰                11735    13650                                                    Southeast Asia
21⁰⁰                  7235      9445                                                    Northeast China
21⁰⁰                  9875    11635                                                    China
22⁰⁰                  7235      9445                                                    Northeast China
22⁰⁰                  9875    11635                                                    China

German

16⁰⁰                  9425    12015                                                    Europe
18⁰⁰                  9425    12015                                                    Europe
19⁰⁰                  9425    12015                                                    Europe

English

04⁰⁰                  7220      9445      9730                                      Northeast Asia
04⁰⁰                11735    13760    15180                                      Central & South America
05⁰⁰                13650    15105                                                    Southeast Asia
06⁰⁰                  7220      9445      9730                                      Northeast Asia
10⁰⁰                11710    15180                                                    Central & South America
10⁰⁰                11735    13650                                                     Southeast Asia
13⁰⁰                 9435    11710                                                    North America
13⁰⁰               13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
15⁰⁰                 9435    11710                                                    North America
15⁰⁰               13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
16⁰⁰                  9890    11645                                                    Near & Middle East; North Africa
18⁰⁰               13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
19⁰⁰                  7210    11910                                                    South Africa
19⁰⁰                  9875    11635                                                    Near & Middle East; North Africa
21⁰⁰               13760    15245                                                    Western Europe

French
04⁰⁰                13650    15105                                                    Southeast Asia
06⁰⁰                11735    13760    15180                                      Central & South America
11⁰⁰                11710    15180                                                    Central & South America
11⁰⁰                11735    13650                                                    Southeast Asia
14⁰⁰                  9435    11710                                                    North America
14⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
16⁰⁰                  9435    11710                                                    North America
16⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
18⁰⁰                  7210    11910                                                    South Africa
18⁰⁰                  9875    11635                                                    Near & Middle East; North Africa
20⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Western Europe

Japanese

07⁰⁰                    621     *3250      9650    11865                        Japan
08⁰⁰                    621     *3250      9650    11865                        Japan
09⁰⁰                    621     *3250      6070      9650    11865          Japan
10⁰⁰                    621     *3250      6070      9650    11865          Japan
11⁰⁰                    621     *3250      6070      9650    11865          Japan
12⁰⁰                    621     *3250      6070      9650    11865          Japan
21⁰⁰                    621     *3250      9650    11865                        Japan
22⁰⁰                    621     *3250      9650    11865                        Japan
23⁰⁰                    621     *3250      9650    11865                        Japan

Korean

03⁰⁰ (PBS)*     *7220     *9445     *9730                                      Northeast China
07⁰⁰ (PBS)*     *7220     *9445                                                    Northeast China
09⁰⁰ (KCBS)     7220      9445                                                    Northeast China
09⁰⁰ (PBS)*     *9875   *11735                                                     Far Eastern Russia
09⁰⁰ (PBS)*   *13760   *15245                                                    Europe
0⁰⁰ (PBS)*     *7220     *9445                                                    Northeast China
12⁰⁰ (KCBS)   11710    15180                                                    Central & South America
12⁰⁰ (KCBS)   11735    13650                                                   Southeast Asia
12⁰⁰ (PBS)*     *7220     *9445                                                    Northeast China
13⁰⁰ (PBS)*     *9425   *12015                                                    Europe
14⁰⁰ (KCBS)   11735    13650                                                    Southeast Asia
17⁰⁰ (KCBS)     9435    11710                                                    North America
17⁰⁰ (KCBS)   13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
20⁰⁰ (KCBS)     7210    11910                                                    South Africa
20⁰⁰ (KCBS)     9425    12015                                                    Europe
20⁰⁰ (KCBS)     9875    11635                                                    Near & Middle East; North Africa
23⁰⁰ (KCBS)     7235      9445                                                    Northeast China
23⁰⁰ (KCBS)     9875    11635                                                    China
23⁰⁰ (KCBS)   13760    15245                                                    Western Europe

Russian

07⁰⁰                  9875    11735                                                    Far Eastern Russia
07⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Europe
08⁰⁰                  9875    11735                                                    Far Eastern Russia
08⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Europe
14⁰⁰                  9425    12015                                                    Europe
15⁰⁰                  9425    12015                                                    Europe
17⁰⁰                  9425    12015                                                    Europe

Spanish

03⁰⁰                11735    13760    15180                                      Central & South America
05⁰⁰                11735    13760    15180                                      Central & South America
19⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
22⁰⁰                13760    15245                                                    Western Europe
(Arnulf Piontek)