Wednesday, February 12, 2025

World Radio program from SDXF

 



On 13 February 2025, the Swedish DX Federation (SDXF) will broadcast a one-hour broadcast to celebrate World Radio Day

Programming will be predominately in Swedish at 0900 and 1500 UTC via Channel 292, Rohlbach, Germany on 9670 kHz. . There will also be English segments, including a discussion on number stations, an interview with Jonathan Marks, and music from the World's Shortest Music Program.
(F Hilton/Teak Publishing)

additional post as:

February 13, 2025 is World Radio Day and it is being celebrated by the Swedish DX Association with a special broadcast. 
As usual, the program is compiled by Göran Lindemark with the help of Christer Brunström.

The one-hour program has several different features. The Swedish Eagle, a Swedish DJ at KROQ, Los Angeles, is interviewed, as is Jonathan Marks, who has a long background in radio. 
We also learn a lot about the mysterious number stations that once puzzled many shortwave listeners. 
As usual, there will also be listening tips and a small mailbox with greetings to everyone who reported the Christmas holiday broadcast on Asfalttelegrafen 1494 kHz in Ludvika. 
In between the different features, there will also be a lot of music.

The program is broadcast at 09:00-10:00 UTC with a repeat at 15.00–16.00 UTC on 9670 kHz via Radio Channel 292.
(Ghibaudo/BDXC)



Tuesday, February 11, 2025

WRTH World Radio Map

 


This Radio Day, we’re creating the WRTH World Radio Map—a unique community-driven project where radio lovers from around the world share where they’re tuning in from and their go-to station.

 This is your chance to:


Discover new stations recommended by fellow radio enthusiasts
See how far our global community reaches
Be part of a unique radio experience that connects listeners worldwide

 How to join?

 Drop a pin with your location (city/country) and the radio station you love to listen to on our World Radio Map Tool. Discover new stations from fellow radio enthusiasts worldwide and celebrate the power of radio together!

 We’ll reveal the final World Radio Map on February 13th!

 Will your favorite station make the list?


To contribute to the World Map, go to: WRTH World Radio Day Map


Denmark, part 2


Jeff :This week, we bring you the concluding part of our short series on radio broadcasting in the Scandinavian country of Denmark.  Last week, Ray Robinson noted that it was on April 1, 1925 that all radio broadcasting in Denmark was nationalized under the Danish State Broadcasting Service.  After the Second World War, there were a number of successful privately-owned commercial radio stations across Europe, most notably those targeting cross-border audiences, such as those in Luxembourg, Tangier, Monte Carlo, Andorra, and the Saar region of Germany.  But most countries, including Denmark, kept very tight government control of the airwaves, which led to staid, unadventurous programming that did not keep pace with audiences’ musical tastes.  And that sets the scene for the situation in the late 1950’s, when the Danes again led the way with the first venture into offshore broadcasting.  Here’s Ray with the story.


Ray: Thanks, Jeff.  The idea of launching a commercial offshore radio station was first considered in the unlikely setting of a silversmith shop in Copenhagen during the winter of 1957.  One evening after the shop had closed, its owner, lb Fogh and his partner Peter Jansen were discussing the quality of radio in Denmark and the mundane programs broadcast by the state network.  They both agreed that private competition would be good for the state system.  But, since there was no prospect of gaining a license for a private radio station from the government, a means would have to be found of getting around that restriction.  Broadcasting from a ship anchored outside Danish territorial waters was thought to be a possibility, and in early 1958, Ib Fogh and Peter Jansen took steps to turn their dream into action.

While unlicensed broadcasting within Danish territory was illegal, the management of a radio station and recording of program material for later transmission from a base outside the country was not against the law at that time.  Consequently, the new station - to be known as Radio Mercur (or, Radio Mercury) - established its offices and recording studios in a smart Copenhagen suburb, and hired over 30 people to work in program production, advertising sales and administration.  A 107 ton German fishing vessel Cheeta was purchased and taken to a small harbor south of Copenhagen, to be equipped for radio transmission.  All programs were to be prerecorded on land, so no studio was needed on board - just a playback facility with two tape recorders and a small mixer unit.

After fitting out had been completed, the Cheeta left port on 11th July 1958 and anchored in a position off Copenhagen in the international waters of Oresund (The Sound, between Copenhagen and Malmö, Sweden).  The ship had a 1.5 kW transmitter, and test transmissions started six days later on 93.12 MHz in what was then known as the VHF band (now universally referred to as FM).  Unusually, the transmissions utilized a directional antenna mounted on a rotator at the top of the mast, and this was kept pointed in the right direction from a control room on board.



Only a few hours after the test transmissions had started, Radio Mercur faced its first real crisis.  During a gale that night, the Cheeta's anchor chain broke and the ship drifted helplessly towards the Swedish coast, eventually running aground near Malmö.  Unable to free herself, the Cheeta had to be towed to a port in Sweden for repairs.  Once these had been completed the radio ship returned to her anchorage on Friday 25th July and test broadcasts resumed on Thursday 31st.  Radio Mercur then began transmitting regular programs at 6.00pm on Saturday 2nd August 1958.  This was the not too inspiring launch:

Europe's first commercial offshore radio station was on the air.  To the surprise and dismay of the Danish Labour Government, Radio Mercur became increasingly popular with listeners and advertisers.  Initial broadcasting hours were from 7.30 - 9.30am and 5.00pm - midnight.  Programs consisted of short 15 or 30 minute segments, most of which were sponsored by advertisers who quickly recognized the commercial potential of this new medium.

The station's frequency of 93.12 MHz had been chosen as it lay strategically 
between the frequencies then used for the Danish 1st and 2nd Networks in the Copenhagen area, so listeners tuning their radios to either of these stations stood a good chance of unintentionally discovering Radio Mercur.  However, it was quickly found to be causing interference to a station in Sweden, so Radio Mercur then changed to a new frequency of 89.55MHz at the beginning of September 1958.

In 1959, with more experience and a fresh injection of capital, Radio Mercur was able to improve both program content and the technical quality of its transmissions.  It adopted an aggressive marketing policy and projected its huge commercial potential to prospective advertisers.  The result was that Radio Mercur quickly succeeded in attracting even more advertisers and program sponsors, and as a consequence became a very viable commercial operation.  Here’s a commercial with a jingle you might recognize, for the denture cleaner ‘Pepsodent’ followed by an ID:

During the summer of 1959 an English language program “Copenhagen Today” was introduced, with music and entertainment information for visiting tourists.  A weekly English language program from London was also broadcast as were a number of English language commercials, notably a campaign for Roses Lime Juice.  
A presenter by the name of Charles Richards introduced the novel concept of teaching English by Music.  If you remember the Voice of America’s slow speed newscasts, this show was quite like that with slowly and deliberately spoken links between music tracks.  :

Radio Mercur continued steadily to increase in popularity and maintain its challenge to the Danish state radio network throughout 1959 and 1960.  At the end of 1960, a much larger 450 ton ship, the Habat, was acquired and renamed the Cheeta 2.  This was then fitted out with all the necessary radio equipment, including a new 8kW Siemens transmitter and a fully operational on-board studio.  From 1st February 1961, Cheeta 2 then became the broadcasting base on a new frequency of 88 MHz.



The transmitter from the original Cheeta was later installed on Cheeta 2, and on 7th April 1961, offshore broadcasting history was made by Radio Mercur when the station started experimental stereo transmissions.  To achieve this the station used both transmitters on board the Cheeta 2, the left channel on 88 MHz and the right on 89.55 MHz, so listeners with two radios could hear the then novel stereo effect.

In mid-1961, despite Radio Mercur's success, disaffected management staff who felt program standards were falling, left and started their own station, Radio DCR (Danmarks Commercielle Radio).  They obtained a ship called the Lucky Star which was fitted out as a radio station in Belgium with German transmitting equipment and an American-made antenna system.  Radio DCR started broadcasting on 15th September 1961 on 93.94 MHz (announced as 94 MHz) with a power of 20 kW - significantly stronger than Radio Mercur.  

As with Radio Mercur, DCR's programs were pre-recorded in landbased studios in Copenhagen and taken out to the ship for later transmission.  DCR was on the air on weekdays from 3.30 to 11.00pm and on Sundays from 9.00am to midnight, covering most of eastern Denmark with its powerful transmitter.  The new station's style and program content differed significantly from those of Radio Mercur, with more classical music, operas, plays and discussions being broadcast.  In the face of competition from the new offshore station, Radio Mercur immediately increased its broadcasting hours to 6.00am to 12 midnight.
 
In November 1961 the original Cheeta resumed her role as a radio ship from a new anchorage between the largest island, Zeeland, and the second largest island, Funen, to the west.  This enabled Radio Mercur to achieve wider coverage of Denmark by the introduction of a second service.  Radio Mercur West used two directional antennas to beam programs to Aarhus to the north and Odense to the west.

A few weeks later in December 1961, it was decided to swap the locations of the two ships, with the larger Cheeta 2 being better able to cope with the rougher seas at the western anchorage, while the Cheeta could ride at anchor in the calmer waters of The Sound off Copenhagen.  This exchange of anchorages took place on 16th December 1961.

Radio Mercur programs were still recorded in the Copenhagen studios but now two copies of tapes were made, one for each ship.  The same pre-recorded programs were broadcast simultaneously from both ships.


After less than three months on the air the programming format of the second Danish offshore broadcaster, DCR, had become very similar to that of the state radio network and the station failed to achieve real popularity either with listeners or advertisers.  By contrast, the first offshore station, Radio Mercur, was reported to have had a turnover of 6 million Krone (£420,000) during 1961 and with two ships on the air was attracting large audiences and advertising revenue.

Talks started between representatives of DCR and Radio Mercur, with a view to a merger of the rival stations, under the Radio Mercur call-sign.  This occurred, and DCR ceased broadcasting on 29th January 1962.  From 12th February, DCR’s ship the Lucky Star took over the broadcasts of Radio Mercur East on 88 MHz.

Concerned about the growth and popularity of the offshore stations and the threat they posed to the state monopoly on broadcasting, the Danish parliament introduced legislation on 3rd April 1962 to make it an offence for Danish nationals to supply, broadcast from, advertise on or assist an offshore station in any way.  This was done in concert with similar legislation in Sweden, Norway and Finland.  The legislation was finally approved and went into effect at midnight on 31st July 1962.

Radio Mercur, the first European station to broadcast from the high seas, closed its 'West' station from the Cheeta 2 on 10th July 1962.  Radio Mercur East on board the Lucky Star anchored off Copenhagen continued to broadcast for a further three weeks, closing only when the new law came into effect at midnight on 31st July 1962, almost exactly four years after the station’s initial launch in 1958.  The final hour was a nostalgic look back at the history of the station with program excerpts and 'good luck' messages from former announcers.

In a move later copied by the BBC in its creation of Radio 1 in September 1967, three months after the closure of Radio Mercur, the Danish state radio system, Danmarks Radio, started Program 3, with a format remarkably similar to Mercur's, but of course without any commercials.  Many of the former Radio Mercur staff were, however, taken on by Danmarks Radio to present Program 3.

Here in Wavescan, we don't normally focus much on FM stations in Wavescan, but Radio Mercur was pivotal to the development of private radio broadcasting not only in Denmark, but also in Sweden, The Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, New Zealand, Israel and New York, so we felt her story deserved to be told.

Back to you, Jeff.



Frequency update on Radio Voz Missionária

 

One of our Brazilian contributors, reports the following. Thank you!

9665 kHz Voz Missionária, Camboriu SC, Brazil, is back on the air.  I'm not sure if it's permanent, or if what's being transmitted is still a provisional technical analysis. 

11750 on the air. 

5940 is still silent. It's still under announced maintenance. 

(Rudolf Grimm, Brazil)

Monday, February 10, 2025

Weekly Propagation Forecast Bulletins

 Product: Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
:Issued: 2025 Feb 10 0046 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web ontact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#                Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
#
Highlights of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 03 - 09 February 2025

Solar activity reached high levels. Region 3981 (N07, L=341, class/area=Ekc/430 on 05 Feb) was the most active region on the disk. AR 3981 produced an M8.8 flare at 03/0358 UTC, the largest event of the period, in addition to several R1 and R2 events
throughout the course of the week. No Earth-directed CMEs were observed. 

No proton events were observed at geosynchronous orbit.

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit was at normal to moderate levels throughout the week. 

Geomagnetic field activity reached active levels on 08 Feb, and G1 (Minor) levels on 09 Feb, due to a SSBC followed by the onset of negative polarity CH HSS influences. Quiet and quiet to unsettled conditions were observed throughout the remainder of the period. 

Forecast of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 10 February - 08 March 2025

Solar activity is likely to reach moderate to high levels throughout the period. R1-R2 (Minor-Moderate) events are likely, with a slight chance for R3 or greater events. 

No proton events are expected at geosynchronous orbit, barring significant flare activity. 

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit is expected to be at normal to moderate levels. 

Geomagnetic field activity is expected to reach G1 (Minor) storm levels on 10, 13, and 28 Feb, and active levels are expected on 11-12 Feb, and 01 Mar due to CH HSS influences. Quiet and quiet to unsettled conditions are likely to prevail throughout the remainder
of the period. 

Product: 27-day Space Weather Outlook Table 27DO.txt
:Issued: 2025 Feb 10 0046 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web contact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#      27-day Space Weather Outlook Table
#                Issued 2025-02-10
#
#   UTC      Radio Flux   Planetary   Largest
#  Date       10.7 cm      A Index    Kp Index
2025 Feb 10     165          27          5
2025 Feb 11     170          18          4
2025 Feb 12     175          15          4
2025 Feb 13     180          20          5
2025 Feb 14     180          12          3
2025 Feb 15     185          10          3
2025 Feb 16     185          10          3
2025 Feb 17     185          10          3
2025 Feb 18     180          10          3
2025 Feb 19     180          10          3
2025 Feb 20     185           5          2
2025 Feb 21     180           5          2
2025 Feb 22     190           5          2
2025 Feb 23     195           5          2
2025 Feb 24     205           5          2
2025 Feb 25     200           5          2
2025 Feb 26     200           5          2
2025 Feb 27     200          10          3
2025 Feb 28     205          25          5
2025 Mar 01     200          20          4
2025 Mar 02     205           5          2
2025 Mar 03     210           5          2
2025 Mar 04     210           5          2
2025 Mar 05     205           5          2
2025 Mar 06     205           5          2
2025 Mar 07     200          10          3
2025 Mar 08     200          10          3
(NOAA)

Friday, February 07, 2025

WVTR's Sea Monster

 Special thanks to Ray Robinson and Jeff White for sharing another great episode from Wavescan.

Jeff: Today, Ray Robinson has a rather strange oddity from radio history – the way a sea monster invasion was reported by AFRS Tokyo in 1947.  Tell us more, Ray…

Ray: Hi, Jeff.  Well, I came across this story on the Radio Heritage Foundation’s website, and I thought Wavescan listeners might be interested to hear it.  The story was written up by Ernest L. Gunerious, who says that in 1947, he was serving in the United States Army posted to the Army of Occupation in Japan.  He was stationed at Shonan Tomioka about 30 miles south of Yokohama in a former Japanese seaplane base, which had been made into the Headquarters and Battalion Barracks for the 753rd AAA Gun Battalion.  He says the events which he relates took place on a Saturday night in late July or early August in 1947, to the best of his recollection.  Here’s what he wrote:

In the early evening, after a hot muggy day, at about 7:00 PM, a group of my fellow soldiers and I were listening to a music program broadcast from the Armed Forces Radio Station, WVTR Tokyo.


For the next three hours, until lights-out, we listened with fascination as the program was repeatedly interrupted by news flashes which eventually included on-the-scene "live" reports with audio of the most amazing account of destruction, mayhem, gunfire, cannon shots, burning buildings, Army mobilization and an unknown "Beast from the Sea", roaring in the background.

The first interruption occurred as I said about 7:00PM with a report that some fishing boats were missing at sea, but near the coast, off a small fishing village south of Yokosuka on the western shore of Tokyo Bay.

A short time later a report of a village destroyed in that area was given.  This was followed by phoned-in reports from eyewitnesses claiming to have seen a huge "sea monster" moving inland and north up the coast.

So, with brief moments of music interrupted by news breaks, we were informed of a relentless beast, bent on destruction, moving north, up the coast toward Tokyo. Eventually, the reports said that Army Units were called to the scene where they cornered the beast, and proceeded to attack with cannon fire, rifles being ineffective.

Reports continued at a frantic pace throughout the evening, including harrowing rescues and escapes, remote radio links, movement of heavy weapons and tanks, and all the stuff of which truly epic stories are made.  And, this was accompanied by the terrifying screams, roars and shrieks of both the beast and the panic-stricken populace, as well as the gunfire and bullhorns of the protectors.

However, the authors of this masterpiece made a serious mistake in their meticulous planning.  It was learned later that the family of the commanding General of the Eighth Army, General Eichleburger, was vacationing at a resort that was in the supposed northward path of the "Monster".  It was rumored that General Eichleburger was not amused.  General MacArthur was probably not amused either.

As lights-out time arrived, the "Beast" was still at large, unsubdued.

The next day we waited for a final report, but to no avail.  All we ever heard was that a Sergeant and a Corporal had been arrested and relieved of duty at the radio station.  We never saw a report in "Stars and Stripes", the official newspaper of the Occupation Force.

Thus the heroes of the hour were deprived of undying fame as the inventors of "Godzilla".  And now the world is left with the false impression that the Japanese invented him.

As for the facts of the case:
The details are generally true as I have related them.
I know for sure that it happened and maybe there are others who remember as well.
I know it happened in the summer of 1947.
I think the radio station was called WVTR.  It was the Armed Services Radio out of Tokyo, Japan in 1947.
This report is true to the best of my knowledge.

I have never in the intervening years heard any mention of this event.  I think it deserves to be brought to light as a curiosity if nothing else.

And that’s where Ernest Gunerious’ story finishes.

Well, WVTR was indeed the main AFRS station in Japan after the war.  It was set up in September 1945, and operated with 50,000 watts on 590 kHz, serving the Tokyo/Yokohama area.  U.S. troops also took over the number two network of the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation and relayed WVTR over a seven-station network.  And then to fill in any gaps in coverage, there was a further relay of WVTR on shortwave with a 5kW transmitter in Yamata which used the call JKE on 9605 kHz during the daytime and 4860 kHz at night.

But, back to the story on the Radio Heritage Foundation’s website about the hoax broadcast, which did receive some responses.  Ken Harriman, who served as the Program Director’s Assistant at WVTR wrote:

“I remember this event quite clearly.  I was stationed at WVTR in 1946 and part of 1947.  Shortly after I was discharged in April 1947, there was an article in the local newspaper with the story.  One of the characters responsible was Art Bartick and his sidekick from the Records section of the station.  The Officer in Charge when I left was Capt James B Teer.”

And indeed there were items carried on the wires of UP on 29th and 31st May 1947 which were picked up by many local newspapers in the U.S.



So it seems that Ernest Gunerious’ recollection about the event happening in late July or early August wasn’t quite correct – it actually occurred in May 1947.  The second of the items on UP said that several people had lost their radio jobs in Japan the following day over the ‘Sea Monster’ scare.  They were:
Captain James B. Teer of Dawson, Texas – who was the commanding officer of WVTR,
Corporal Arthur Bartick and Private First Class Arthur Thompson both of Los Angeles, who wrote the script, and
Dr. Wilton Cook also of Los Angeles, a civilian who was the AFRS program director in Tokyo.

Other responses to the story were posted by:
Wallace Covington, who remembered the incident while he was stationed in Yokahama assigned to the harbor patrol group, and by
Jack Marquardt, who was in the Military Police in the Nakano area of Tokyo.

Jack recalled:   “Our headquarters finally confirmed the program was merely another "invasion from Mars" type of spoof, and that fact was revealed to the listeners at the end of the broadcast.  A supposed gas attack finally overcame the monster, and as it lay there breathing its last, the station said that a WVTR reporter was on the spot to let everyone hear its final gasp.  There was much heavy breathing, followed by a raspy voice singing the theme song from Disney"s 1941 animated film, "The Reluctant Dragon."  I thought it was all great fun, but General MacArthur and others did not... and heads rolled at WVTR.”

Indeed they did.  But now you know the true origin of Godzilla – it was a creation of some bored AFRS personnel in post-war Japan, who were probably just trying to liven things up a little, but got far more than they bargained for!

Back to you, Jeff.


Radio Carolina North set for Feb 8 & 9 broadcast

 


 We’re counting down the days to our next Radio Caroline North broadcast - LIVE from Ross Revenge on the Blackwater Estuary! Join us on Saturday 8 and Sunday 9 February for the very best feelgood music from the 60s -90s


𝖧𝗈𝗐 𝗍𝗈 𝗅𝗂𝗌𝗍𝖾𝗇: 648 𝖠𝖬 𝖺𝖼𝗋𝗈𝗌𝗌 𝖤𝗇𝗀𝗅𝖺𝗇𝖽, 𝖳𝗁𝖾 𝖭𝖾𝗍𝗁𝖾𝗋𝗅𝖺𝗇𝖽𝗌, 𝖡𝖾𝗅𝗀𝗂𝗎𝗆, 𝖭𝗈𝗋𝗍𝗁𝖾𝗋𝗇 𝖥𝗋𝖺𝗇𝖼𝖾 𝖺𝗇𝖽 𝖻𝖾𝗒𝗈𝗇𝖽. 1368 𝖠𝖬 & 𝖣𝖠𝖡 𝖭𝗈𝗋𝗍𝗁 𝖭𝗈𝗋𝗍𝗁-𝖶𝖾𝗌𝗍 𝗏𝗂𝖺 Manx Radio

𝖮𝗇𝗅𝗂𝗇𝖾: radiocaroline.co.uk
𝖳𝗁𝖾 𝖮𝖿𝖿𝗂𝖼𝗂𝖺𝗅 𝖱𝖺𝖽𝗂𝗈 𝖢𝖺𝗋𝗈𝗅𝗂𝗇𝖾 𝖺𝗉𝗉
𝖲𝗆𝖺𝗋𝗍 𝖲𝗉𝖾𝖺𝗄𝖾𝗋
Various 𝗋𝖺𝖽𝗂𝗈 𝗉𝗅𝖺𝗒ers
(Radio Caroline Facebook Group)

Thursday, February 06, 2025

February 9 programming from Texas Radio Shortwave

  All times UTC/kHz

Programming for February 9, 2025 features the Music of Amanda Shires

February 9, 2025
1800, Mixcloud Worldwide - Texas Gospel Music (Reprise)

This schedule is subject to change without notice.

Programs for Europe and beyond are transmitted on Channel 292 in Rohrbach, Germany, 10 kiloWatts with an omnidirectional antenna.
Programs to North America and beyond are transmitted on Channel 292, 10 kilowatts with a 10.5 dB gain beam antenna.
Programs on Mixcloud are streamed at www.mixcloud/live/texasradiosw/ beginning at 1758 UTC with TRSW's interval signal

Texas Radio Shortwave is an independent producer of musical and topical shows, usually about Texas

Texas Radio Shortwave uses a version of The Yellow Rose of Texas as its interval signal and signature song.

Feb 2025 TRSW QSL

Texas Radio Shortwave verifies correct, detailed reception reports by electronic QSL. This includes reports from listeners using a remote receiver (SDRs), and listeners to the Mixcloud stream.
Many TRSW programs are archived at www.mixcloud.com/texasradiosw

The program email is texasradioshortwave@protonmail.com
Follow us on Facebook at the Texas Radio Shortwave Listener's Group at: 
(TRSW)

Encore classical music from Radio Tumbril

 


Dear Listener,
Regular Broadcast times of Encore By WRMI and Channel 292 are:
02:00 - 03:00 UTC Friday 5850 kHz WRMI to US
20:00 - 21:00 UTC Friday 15770 kHz WRMI to Europe
11:00 - 12:00 UTC Saturday 9670 kHz Channel 292 to Europe
01:00 - 02:00 UTC Sunday 5850 kHz WRMI to US and Canada
18:00 - 19:00 UTC Sunday 3955 kHz Channel 292 to Europe
03:00 - 04:00 UTC Monday 5950 kHz WRMI to the US and Canada
13:00 - 14:00 UTC Tuesday 15770 kHz WRMI to Europe, east coast of US and Iceland. (Sometimes RTTY on the lower sideband. Suggest notch out or use USB.)

Some Things to see on The Encore Website:
The Encore website is www.tumbril.co.uk where you will find:
Important information about funding of Encore - Radio Tumbril.
Up-to-date transmission times and frequencies.
The playlists for the most recent programmes.
An email link.
Informal reception reports as well as those requesting eQSL cards are welcome.

ENCORE IS A ONE-MAN OPERATION -  PLEASE MAKE A PAYPAL DONATION AND HELP KEEP ENCORE ON THE AIR - Go to - www.tumbril.co.uk

WRMI and Channel 292 are very generous with their air-time but Encore still costs around 100 Dollars/Euros a month to broadcast.
If you can - please send a small contribution to help Encore keep going.

THE DONATION BUTTON is on the homepage of the website - www.tumbril.co.uk - which folks can use if they would like to support Encore.

(Please don't be put off by the POWR security wall when using the PAYPAL button - it is a harmless requirement of WIX the website hosting service.)

THIS FORTNIGHT'S PROGRAMME - First broadcast this FRIDAY 7th February by WRMI at 0200 UTC on 5850, and 2000 UTC on 15770 and then Channel 292 on SATURDAY 8th February at 11:00 UTC on 9670 kHz:
Begins with some early French Renaissance love songs set without words - from Guillaume DuFay, part of a string quartet by Luigi Cherubini, and a motet by High Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez. After that a duet for violin and cello by Paganini, and all three movements of Poulenc's Sonata for flute and piano.
The programme ends with the first movement of Mozart's String Quartet No.3.

(This bulletin is sent by Bcc to the many hundreds of listeners who have been in contact with Encore over the last nearly six years of broadcasting Encore.)

Brice Avery - Encore - Radio Tumbril - www.tumbril.co.uk
GMØTLY

Shortwave Radiogram, program 388

 
Hello friends,

Last week's experiment with the Fldigi alpha version 3.2.06.20 seemed to improve performance with image triggers and modes changes by way of RSIDs. This is because of the increased lag time as each MFSK transmission starts and stops. We need more data before making any conclusions.


I am using 3.2.06.20 again with this week's show. Production was frustrating because the center audio frequency kept veering off of 1500 Hz. The AFC was probably the culprit, but in this version it is permanently on -- unless I am unaware of a setting that allows the AFC to be toggled. There is also a "Disable freq change" button in the RSID menu that I will try next week.

The labyrinth of Fldigi settings is good exercise for an old brain, I suppose.

A video of last week's Shortwave Radiogram (program 387) is provided by Scott in Ontario (Wednesday 1330 UTC). The audio archive is maintained by Mark in the UK. Analysis is provided by Roger in Germany.

Here is the lineup for Shortwave Radiogram, program 388, 7-12 February 2025, in MFSK modes as noted:

 1:41  MFSK32: Program preview
 2:49  MFSK32: New Shepard mission mimics moon's gravity
 5:21  MFSK64: DW report on sabotage on undersea cables
 9:53  MFSK64: Images of the week
28:21  MFSK32: Closing announcements

Please send reception reports to radiogram@verizon.net

(visit during the weekend to see listeners’ results)
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/567099476753304

  
Other Shortwave broadcast programs that include digital text and images include The Mighty KBC, Pop Shop Radio and Radio North Europe International (RNEI). Links to these fine broadcasts, with schedules, are posted here.
 
Thanks for your reception reports!

Kim

Kim Andrew Elliott, KD9XB
Producer and Presenter
Shortwave Radiogram
Reporting on international broadcasting at kaedotcom.bsky.social
  
Copyright © 2025 Shortwave Radiogram, All rights reserved. 
Our mailing address is: 
Shortwave Radiogram
10400 NW 240th Street
Okeechobee, FL 34972

Atlantic 2000 slated for Saturday broadcast

 


Atlantic 2000 will be on the air this Saturday, 8th of February from 0900 to 1000 UTC (1000 to 1100 CET) on 6070 and 9670 kHz via Channel 292.
Streams will be available at the same time here: http://radioatlantic2000.free.fr
Reports to: atlantic2000international@gmail.com

Before that, you can listen to our 24/7 web stream or our podcasts on our website.

Good listening!

Visit our website and listen to Atlantic 2000, 24 hours a day: http://radioatlantic2000.free.fr   

Tuesday, February 04, 2025

Greenland, and Denmark, part 1

 Thank you to Ray Robinson and Jeff White for sharing this week's Wavescan program on Greenland and Denmark.


Jeff: In our opening feature today, Ray Robinson in Los Angeles is going to take a quick look at the Danish territory of Greenland, and then start a two part series on the importance the European country of Denmark has played in broadcasting history.  Over to you, Ray.

Ray: Thanks, Jeff.  There’s been a lot of talk lately about Donald Trump’s interest in acquiring Greenland as a US Territory.  Greenland, of course, is currently administered by Denmark, although following a referendum in 2008, it did obtain the right to independence through an act of the Danish Parliament in 2009.  The current Prime Minister of Greenland has said that they don’t want to be either Danish or American – they want to be Greenlandic, but they’re open to discussions.  It will be interesting to see where this leads, as American investment in mining and defense activities could well lead to much needed employment opportunities and economic activity for the local population, but it set my mind thinking about the broadcasting situation there and in Denmark.

Greenland has a population of just over 56,000 people, with around 18,000 living in the capital, Nuuk.  The rest of the population is spread over about 20 small towns and settlements, with only one, Sisimiut, having more than 5,000 residents.  Currently, their subsistence economy is predominantly focused on fishing.  So I found it surprising that the 2025 WRTH lists a network of 20 FM transmitters at 100 watts or more in the government run Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR), plus it says there are another 57 transmitters operating at less than 100 watts.  These all operate 24 hours/day, 90% in Greenlandic, and the remaining 10% in Danish (mainly for newscasts).  And interestingly, KNR does also still operate on medium wave, with two 5kW transmitters on 570 and 650 kHz, and a 10kW transmitter on 720 kHz, so you may want to try catching them sometime.

Besides KNR, there are also a few private stations on FM, one of which has a network of some 13 transmitters.  In Nuuk, there’s an FM relay of Danish Radio Program 1 from Copenhagen on 98FM, and at what is now the Pituffik Space Base, formerly known as the US Air Force Base at Thule, there’s an American FM station, WTHL, on 97.1 MHz.

So let’s turn our attention now to Denmark itself.  Their wireless history began when some very early spark-gap wireless stations were installed in Copenhagen and half a dozen rural locations just before the commencement of World War I.  The purpose of these transmitters was to extend the telegraph network for both maritime and national communication, and to act as navigational beacons for nearby shipping.  Maritime mobile stations were in turn installed on ships to facilitate bidirectional ship-to-shore communication.  The original callsigns for these early wireless stations were single or double letters, usually an easy to understand abbreviation for the location of the station.  When callsigns were regularized, they were then allocated in a three letter sequence beginning with OXA.

The first experimental radio broadcast in Denmark took place on October 29, 1922, more than 100 years ago.  On that special occasion, a program was broadcast from a communication transmitter on board a ship in the harbor at Copenhagen, and the receiver was installed in a lecture hall in downtown Copenhagen.  Following the inaugural single event transmission in 1922, two broadcast stations were launched in 1923.  One was a station operated by a local radio club, and the other was a military transmitter that was diverted part time for broadcast usage.  These two stations provided listeners with public information and music concerts.

Two years later on April 1, 1925, the Danish government nationalized all radio broadcasting, which was then organized as the Danish state broadcasting service.  When callsigns were regularized, the identification for the main station in Copenhagen was OXQ, with a similar range of callsigns for the network of relay stations in rural areas.  These stations primarily used lower frequencies in the medium wave band, and some also operated in the European long wave band.



In 1928, the first experimental broadcasts on shortwave were launched in Denmark.  Two different stations were involved:  7MK in Skamlebaek and 7RL in Copenhagen.  7MK became permanent and was changed to the international callsign OZF five years later in 1933.

In the era just before World War II, the Danish government took up the matter of international radio broadcasting in earnest, and a 6 kW transmitter was installed at Skamlebaek in the early part of 1939.  Test broadcasts from this new facility were noted in Australia around September 1939 under the callsigns OZH and OZF, and quite quickly a regular international broadcasting schedule was established.

Station OZH/OZF continued in service until it was silenced at the time of the German occupation on April 9, 1940.  However, a few days later, the shortwave station returned to the air.  During the war, radio programming was directed under the Ministry of Education, and the technical facilities were placed under the control of the Department of Public Works.  An entry in an Australian radio magazine for June 1941 reports a very strong signal from Radio Denmark on shortwave.  A few months later, however, OZU shortwave left the air for the remainder of the occupation era.

In February 1946, Radio Denmark shortwave was reactivated with the same 6 kW transmitter, a unit that had been manufactured locally under the designation K7.  At this stage, three callsigns were in use, one for each frequency:  OZF, OZH and OZU.

At the same time, a new shortwave facility was constructed at Herstedvester, where a new 50 kW transmitter, manufactured jointly in Italy and Denmark, was installed.  This was inaugurated on October 1, 1948 under multiple callsigns in the OZ series.

If you’ll permit a personal digression, I grew up on the eastern outskirts of London, England, where my grandparents were avid shortwave listeners.  As a teenager, I was quite intrigued by the possibility of being able to hear distant stations, and in the late 1960’s they lent me a shortwave radio.  One of the first foreign radio stations I remember listening to was the Voice of Denmark (as Danish Radio then styled itself in English).  They still only had that one 50 kW transmitter at a site about 5 miles west of Copenhagen, which they used either on 9520 kHz with the call OZF5, or on 15165 kHz with the call OZF7.

I remember listening to them on weekend mornings on 9520 kHz, and in particular their DX Window program in English on Sundays at 1030.  Most of their programming was in either Danish or English, but they also had a half hour nightly block in Spanish to South America.  Then, at the end of 1969, they ceased all broadcasting in foreign languages, including English.

But, it was through DX Window and also Sweden Calling DXers that I first became aware of the existence of a book called the World Radio & TV Handbook, a copy of which I managed to locate in Foyle’s Bookshop in Tottenham Court Road in London.  And guess what?  The WRTH turned out to be
published in Denmark, with the editor at that time being the infamous Jens Frost.  I now have paperback copies of all editions of the WRTH from 1971-2025, and a few years ago I was also able to buy the 1947-1970 editions on CD-ROM in .pdf format.  So I now have the entire set – all 80 editions.  It was interesting to see that the 1948 edition was published bilingually, in Danish and English, with most of the front section in Danish

Through the WRTH, I became aware of SWL clubs and I learnt a lot more about the hobby of DX-ing.  I joined several clubs, but the best as far as I was concerned was the Danish Short Wave Clubs International, or DSWCI, of which I remained a member for decades.  In the early 1980’s, I helped prepare a column in the monthly magazine.  Ken Baird in Scotland was the editor of the ‘Unofficial Radio’ column which mainly carried news about offshore and landbased pirate stations in Europe.  He’d send me his monitoring notes in longhand each month, and I would type them up (on a typewriter), add graphics from QSL cards and bumper stickers, and make the whole thing exactly fit two pages.  Then I’d send it off to Denmark, and eagerly await the next month’s newsletter, Short Wave News, by mail.

Over the years, proposals were made in Denmark for a big new shortwave station with two 500 kW transmitters.  However, a 100 kW Brown Boveri transmitter was installed instead at Herstedvester, and this was inaugurated at half power in May 1982.

By the late 1980’s, it was decided that the Herstedvester facility was too expensive to maintain, so it was closed and in its place, Denmark began broadcasting their international programs via Radio Norway International, beginning on February 12, 1990.  Three different sites were used for that, in Frederikstad, Sveio and Kvitsoy, and monthly programming in English was reintroduced.  Here’s a recording of Radio Denmark via Norway in January 1996:

But the end came, and the shortwave service of Radio Denmark signed off for the last time just over 21 years ago, on December 31, 2003.

The old QSL cards bearing the callsigns OXQ, OZF and OZH, together with the Radio Denmark QSL cards showing the map of Denmark, pictures of the station, and a painting representing the national anthem, are now valued collector's items.

So, from the single and simple demonstration event in Copenhagen in 1922 has grown the entire domestic broadcasting industry in Denmark which today operates more than 100 local transmitters.  These government and private commercial stations are on the air almost entirely in the FM band and on DAB+.  The official Danish Radio Programs 1, 2, 3, and 4 have long since closed their medium wave and long wave transmitters, but there are still two independent stations that operate on medium wave:

World Music Radio on 927 kHz with 300 watts, and
Radio 208 on 1440 kHz with 650 watts ~ a tribute station to Radio Luxembourg.

They both operate 24 hours, so listeners with a decent loop aerial in Europe may be able to pick them up at night, since the medium wave band there is much less crowded than it used to be.

Back to you, Jeff.

Jeff: Thanks, Ray.  Next week, in part 2 of the series on Denmark, Ray will look at the birth of European offshore broadcasting, which took place off the coast of Copenhagen way back in 1958.
(Ray Robinson/Jeff White/Wavescan)






Monday, February 03, 2025

QSL Report 2.0-February 2025

 


                     Bringing the latest in QSLing from across the globe

Welcome to the February issue of QSL Report 2.0! Thank you for your comments and contributions.
QSL Report 2.0, is a relaunch from my previous QSL Report column, in Monitoring Times magazine. You will find news on QSLing trends, what worked (and didn’t) special event QSLs and QSLs from shortwave, pirate radio, mediumwave, utility longwave and amateur radio. If you QSL any of those stations – please tell the world your results! 

Your contributions are welcomed to w4gvhla@gmail.com  QSL Report 2.0 will bring YOU the latest and keep you informed! 

Euro Free Radio

1332, Radio Monique. Full data e-QSL in two days from Eric Bronner, for e-report to studio@radiomonique.am (Juan Carlos P Montero, Spain/DX Fanzine)

1620, Radio Igloo (Sweden) Full data e-QSL received in nine days for e-report to radioigloo@gmail.com (Christian Ghibaudo, France/BDXC)

1620, Radio Alabama. No-data e-mail in one day, for e-report to paramaribo1@gmail.com (Ghibaudo).

5840, Taxus Radio. Full data e-QSL and friendly reply. Received within the day for e-report to taxus-radio@gmx.net (J. Carr, UK)

5940, FRS Holland. QSL by postal mail in 23 days, for English e-report to frs@frsholland.nl (Ghibaudo/France)

6045, Telstar Radio International (Netherlands) via Nauen, Germany. Full data e-QSL in 29 days, for e-report to erdenman@gmx.de (Pradip Chander Kundu, India/IDXCI)

6275, Radio Lowland. Full data e-QSL in five days for e-report to radiolowland@hotmail.com (Galien/BDXC).

6306, Radio Sombrero. Full data e-QSL in one day, for e-report to radio.sombrero@proton.me (Hallyard Gjerde, Norway/DX Fanzine).    

6335, Radio Batavia. Full data e-QSL in four days for e-report to radiobatavia@hotmail.com (Galien/BDXC).

6935, Radio Argus. Christmas card with greetings from Bert Bridges. Received in four days for e-report to planet266@outlook.com (Mike Barraclough, UK/BDXC)

6960, Enterprise Radio. Full data e-QSL in three days for e-report to enterpriseradio@hotmail.com (Galien/BDXC).

Mediumwave
Bahamas
1540, ZNS Radio, The National Voice. Full data e-QSL in 47 days for e-report to dmorris@znsbahamas.com (Miguel Angel Rocha Gamez, Colombia/DX Fanzine).

Benin
1566, Trans World Radio. Full data e-QSL received in 14 days for e-report to lstravrop@twr.org (Galien/BDXC).

Bolivia
760, Radio Fides. Full data e-QSL within the day from Bernardino Zurita Zelada, Supervisor Técnico. E-report to contactos@radiofides.com and sistemas@radiofide.com (Ariel Osvaldo Torres, Argentina/DX Fanzine)

Chile
620, Radio Norte Verde. Full data e-letter from Administrador de la emisora, Ricardo Melo Morales. Received in two weeks for e-report to radionorteverde@mail.com (Ariel Osvaldo Torres, Arge/DX Fanzine)

China
621, RTHK Hong Kong. Full data color QSL card of RTHK-FM Stereo’s transmitting mast in Hin Kong Harbor. Separate letter from Ms Yuky NG for the Director of Broadcasting. Received in three weeks for e-report to am621@rthk.hk (Chander, India)

Uruguay
1470, CX147 Radio Cristal. Partial data e-letter from Mr Manuel Pérez, Gerente in 24 hours, for e-report to cristal@gmail.com (Néstor Damiano Fischetto, ARG/DX Fanzine)




Venezuela
1260, BBN Radio Caracas. No-data e-letter in 24 hours from Mr Daniel Francia, BBN Regional Manager for Latin America, for e-report to red@bbnmedia.org  (FischettoDX Fanzine).

Shortwave
Brazil
9665, Rádio Voz Missionaria. Full data e-QSL in 25 days for Portuguese e-report to radiovozmissionaria.oc@gmail.com (R Pearson, FL)


Clandestine
17555, Radio Dabanga via Issoudun, France relay. Full data red/white logo card. Received in four weeks for e-report to info@dabangasudan.org (F.R. Schmidt, TX)

Eswatini
15105, Trans World Radio. Full data e-QSL in three days, for e-report to lstavrop@twr.org (Frank Hillton, SC)

Finland
6185, RealMix Radio. Full data e-QSL and letter from operator Joakim Weckstrom. Received in 20 days for e-report to realmix.sw@gmail.com (Kevin Clement, PA)

France
13600, NHK World Japan relay via Issoudun, France relay. Full data QSL received by postal mail in 37 days, for French report posted on NHK website form link (Clement, PA)

Germany

3955, Texas Radio Shortwave via Channel 292. Full data e-QSL in two days for e-report to texasradioshortwave@protonmail.com (Jouke van der Galien, NLD/BDXC)

HCJB Deutschland QSL
5920, Radio HCJB Deutschland. Full data e-QSL from Mark Tortsen-Wardein, plus info sheet and broadcast schedule. Received in three months for e-report to info@hcjb.de and postal report and $2.00 to Radio HCJB Deutschland, Postfach 2504, D-32715 Detmold, Germany. (G Van Horn, LA). 

6070, Atlantic 2000 International via Channel 292. Full data e-QSL in three days for French e-report to atlantic2000international@gmail.com (T Bourdeaux, France)

6095, Welle 370 via Nauen. Full data QSL received by postal mail in 21 days, for e-report to welle370@funkerberg.de (Ghibaudo/BDXC).

6020, Radio Casanova. Full data e-QSL within one day, for e-report to radiocasanova@hotmail.com (Galien/BDXC)

6160, Pop Shop Radio via ShortwaveRadio relay. Received in 20 days for an e-report to radiopopshop@gmail.com (Ghibaudo/BDXC).

Guam
12060, AWR/KSDA. Full data e-QSL in four days for e-report to qsl@awr.org (Van Horn).

India
Askashvavi - Akashvani QSL

15410, Akashvani via Bengaluru. Full data color QSL postcard featuring Eleven Headed Avalokitesvara, Alchi Monastery, Ladakh. Received in six weeks for e-report to spectrum-manager@prasarbharati.gov (G Van Horn).

Madagascar
13670, Madagascar World Voice-Radio Feda. Full data color postcard in two weeks via postal mail, for e-report to wcbn@worldchristian.org (Van Horn, Airspy LA)

Mongolia
VO Mongolia QSL
12015, Voice of Mongolia. Full data e-QSL in two days. Received for an e-report to mnb_vom@yahoo.com (Montero/DX Fanzine).

Philippines
12120, Radyo Pilipinas. Full data e-QSL in one day, for e-report to dzrp.radyopilipinas@gmail.com (S. Wright, MS)

Taiwan
11995, Radio Taiwan International. Full data e-QSL, for French report to fren@rti.tw (Bourdeaux).

Tajikistan
5875, 7515, Radio Free Asia via Dushanbe, Tajikistan relay. Two full data RFA cards in two months by postal mail. Postal report to: 2025 M Street NW # 300, Washington, DC 20036 USA (G Van Horn, LA)




Thailand
9940, Radio Thailand. Full data card received by postal mail in 25 days, for e-report to rthworldservice@gmail.com (Wright).

United Kingdom
11900, Texas Radio Shortwave via Woofferton relay. Special 2024 Christmas broadcast. Full data e-QSL in one day for e-report to texasradioshortave@protonmail.com (Bill McDavitt, USA/BDXC)

United States
15770, WRMI, Okechobee, Florida. Full data QSL by postal mail in 22 days for Italian e-report to andrea@pec.mangiarotti.org to verify I Love Italy program. (Ghibaudo/BDXC).

Uzbekistan
9950, Voice of the Martyrs via Tashkent relay. Full data confirmation letter received in 25 days from Pastor Till Dilmuth, for email report to tdillmuth@vomkorea.com (Wright).

Weekly Propagation Forecast Bulletins

 


Product: Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
:Issued: 2025 Feb 03 0137 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web contact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#                Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
#
Highlights of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 27 January - 02 February 2025

Solar activity ranged from low to moderate levels (R2-Moderate). Minor (R1-Minor) levels were observed on 27-29 Jan, 31 Jan and 01-02 Feb. Moderate (R2-Moderate) levels were observed on 31 Jan and 02 Feb. Region 3976 (N13, L=001, class/area Ekc/260 on 02 Feb) produced 31 C-class flares and 2 M-class flares, the largest an M2.6 at 27/0812 UTC. Region 3977 (N19, L=002, class/area Cao/120 on 02 Feb produced 10 C-class flares and 6 M-class flares, the largest an M5.1 at 02/1404 UTC. 

Region 3978 (N11, L=350, class/area Dai/200 on 02 Feb) produced 5 C-class flares and 1 M-class flare, the largest an M6.7/1n at 31/1406 UTC. Associated with this event was a 270 pfu 10cm burst and a 673 km/s Type II sweep. Region 3981 (N05, L=338, class/area
Dsi/190 on 02 Feb) produced 10 C-class flares and 4 M-class flares, the largest an M4.1 at 02/2324 UTC. All other active regions were either quiet or contributed C-class events. Potential Earth-directed CMEs were observed on 29 and 31 Jan. 

No proton events were observed at geosynchronous orbit.

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit was at high levels on 02 Feb with a maximum flux of 1,653 pfu at 02/1550 UTC. Normal to moderate levels were observed on 27-31 Jan and 01 Feb. 

Geomagnetic field activity was at quiet to active levels. Unsettled to active levels were observed on 27-28 Jan due to weak CME effects. Mostly quiet levels were observed on 29-31 Jan. Unsettled to active levels were observed on 01-02 Feb due to positive polarity CH HSS effects. Solar wind parameters were slightly enhanced on 27-29 Jan due to weak CME effects. Greater enhancements were observed on 01-02 Feb with total field at highs of 18 nT and the Bz component reaching -17 nT at times. Wind speeds increased from about 410 km/s to about 750 km/s late on 01 Feb. 

Forecast of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 03 February - 01 March 2025

Solar activity is expected to be at R1-R2 (Minor-Moderate) levels throughout a majority of the outlook period, all due to numerous, significant solar regions expected on the solar disk. 

No proton events are expected at geosynchronous orbit.

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit is expected to be at high levels on 03-04 Feb, 18-19 Feb, 27-28 Feb and 01 Mar, all due to CH HSS effects. Normal to moderate levels are expected on 05-17 Feb and 20-26 Feb. 

Geomagnetic field activity is expected to be at unsettled to active levels on 03-05 Feb due to a combination of positive polarity CH HSS and weak CME effects. Unsettled to active levels are expected on 10-19 Feb due to recurrent negative polarity CH HSS effects.
Unsettled to minor storm (G1-Minor) levels are expected on 27-28 Feb and 01 Mar due to positive polarity CH HSS effects. 

Product: 27-day Space Weather Outlook Table 27DO.txt
:Issued: 2025 Feb 03 0137 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web contact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#      27-day Space Weather Outlook Table
#                Issued 2025-02-03
#
#   UTC      Radio Flux   Planetary   Largest
#  Date       10.7 cm      A Index    Kp Index
2025 Feb 03     215          14          3
2025 Feb 04     215          18          4
2025 Feb 05     215           8          3
2025 Feb 06     215          10          3
2025 Feb 07     210           5          2
2025 Feb 08     210           5          2
2025 Feb 09     200           5          2
2025 Feb 10     200          10          3
2025 Feb 11     195          15          3
2025 Feb 12     195          15          4
2025 Feb 13     195          20          5
2025 Feb 14     190          10          3
2025 Feb 15     180          15          4
2025 Feb 16     180          20          4
2025 Feb 17     185          10          3
2025 Feb 18     185          10          3
2025 Feb 19     180          10          3
2025 Feb 20     180           5          2
2025 Feb 21     175           5          2
2025 Feb 22     185           5          2
2025 Feb 23     190           5          2
2025 Feb 24     190           5          2
2025 Feb 25     185           5          2
2025 Feb 26     185           5          2
2025 Feb 27     195          10          3
2025 Feb 28     205          25          5
2025 Mar 01     210          25          5
(NOAA)