The year 1899 saw a veritable explosion in the broadcast of wireless transmissions, almost on a worldwide basis. Many of these transmissions conveyed genuine information in Morse Code, and even though many other transmissions were experimental in nature, yet they conveyed purposeful information in Morse Code also.
During
that year, 1899, the 25 year old inventor of wireless fame, Guglielmo Marconi,
established 3 more wireless stations in Europe that were looked upon as
permanent; Chelmsford & Dovercourt in England and Wimereux in France; and
he also participated in many seagoing trials, off the coast of Europe and off
the coast of the United States. In
addition, he stated that there were 20 sets of wireless equipment manufactured
by his wireless factory in Chelmsford that were in use throughout Italy.
To
his credit, wireless was used in 3 shipping emergencies during the year
1899. In January, a gale damaged the
“East Goodwin” Lightship at anchor in the English Channel, and this information
was wirelessed to the South Foreland Lighthouse. This would be the world’s 1st
wireless call from a ship in distress.
The
2nd occasion when wireless was called to bring aid in a maritime
mishap was on March 11, when the German cargo vessel “Elbe” ran ashore on the
Goodwin Sands in the shallow English Channel at 2:00 in the morning. This ship was laden with heavy slate from
Nantes, close to the Atlantic coast of France and heading home to Hamburg. Some 8 hours after the “Elbe” was grounded,
the tug “Shamrock” aided in pulling the stranded vessel back into open waters.
On
April 28, the steamer “R. F. Matthew” rammed the same “East Goodwin” Lightship
during a dense fog and as a result of the Morsed message to the South Foreland
Lighthouse near Dover, lifeboats were were sent out from Ramsgate. At the time, the coal-laden “R. F. Matthew”
was outward bound from London.
(Interestingly, two widely different dates are given for this maritime
mishap, but the London “Times” for the next day, April 29, would suggest that
this 2nd date is likely to be accurate.) This would be the 3rd occasion in
history of a wireless message from a distressed ship.
In
March 1899, the Marconi company shipped a load of wireless equipment on a motor
launch to the nearby French coast, where it was installed on the ocean front at
Wimereux. On the 27th, the
world’s 1st international wireless messages were exchanged between
the two Marconi stations, Wimereux in France & the Needles on the Isle of
Wight in England. This 1st
message ended with three Vs in Morse Code
…_ signifying victory,
success.
Some
time later, during the time when the 18 year old William Bradfield was alone on
night duty in the Wimereux station, a criminal entered the station, brandishing
a revolver with the intent that he would destroy it. Bradfield was successful in defusing the
whole situation.
In
July, Guglielmo Marconi & Captain Henry Jackson of the Royal Navy
established wireless equipment on 3 English navy vessels, HMSs “Europa”, “Juno”
& “Alexandra”. They were successful
in transmitting messages in a cascade relay from one ship to another over a
distance of 85 miles. In the subsequent
report, it was claimed that the wireless messages successfully traversed a
mound of seawater, 500 ft high and 30 miles thick, over the intervening distance
on a round world.
On
continental Europe in the Spring of 1899, Ferdinand Braun conducted wireless
experiments at Cuxhaven in northern Germany; and later in the year, Julio
Cervera Baviera conducted his wireless experiments in Spain, subsequent to his visit
earlier in the year with Marconi in England.
In
September, Marconi visited the United States at the request, and the funding,
of the “New York Herald”. The purpose of
the visit was to provide wireless coverage of the Americas Cup, a race off the
New Jersey coast between the American boat “Columbia” and the English boat
“Shamrock”.
When
Marconi arrived in the States, he was suddenly confronted with a request from
the United States navy to provide wireless coverage for the triumphant return
of Admiral George Dewey on USS “Olympia” after his successful venture in the
Philippines. Hurriedly, Marconi took out
to sea on the “Ponce” with a set of his equipment and he wirelessed the parade
of events back to the “New York Herald”.
The
postponed Americas Cup race began on October 4, and Marconi used wireless
equipment on three different ships, the Puerto Rican liner “Ponce”, the Plant
liner “Grande Duchesse” & the cable ship “Mackay Bennett” to send news
dispatches back to the Highland Twin Lights Lighthouse for onward cabling to
the “New York Herald”. During this 16
day race, the Marconi wireless equipment sent back 1,200 messages in Morse
Code.
At
the same time as Marconi was sending wireless messages back to the shore, Lee
De Forest was on board another ship, and sending messages back to the shore,
occasionally at the same time, and this resulted in the mutual jamming of all
transmissions.
After
the Americas Cup race was over, the Marconi equipment was transferred for
experimental use on three navy vessels, USSs “New York”, “Massachusetts” &
“Porter”. We might add that the American
yacht, “Columbia” won the 1899 Americas Cup.
Also
during the year 1899, it is claimed, the Catholic priest, Padre Landell de
Moura successfully transmitted the human voice from a Catholic school north of
Sao Paulo in Brazil, a world first.
During
the year 1899, wireless equipment manufactured in England by the Marconi
company and in Germany by the Siemens company was imported into South Africa by
the two contending powers in the Boer War.
Much of this equipment ended up in 5 British navy vessels plying the
African coastline.
Test
transmissions were made in 4 states of Australia, and also in New Zealand
during the year 1899. There were
successful transmissions in the Sydney Post Office; and from the Adelaide
University to the 5 miles distant sand dunes at Henley Beach; and on the Swan
River in Perth; and by government officials in Melbourne. Over in New Zealand, two experimenters, John
Cooper & George Kemp, made successful transmissions at the Canterbury
University in Dunedin.
(AWR Wavescan via Adrian Peterson)
