Friday, January 17, 2025

U.S. Military Callsign Directory at Amazon

 
U.S. Military Callsign Directory
by Larry Van Horn

Webster’s dictionary defines the term “call sign” as the combination of identifying letters, letters, and numbers, or words assigned to an operator, office, activity, vehicle, or station for use in communication (as in the address of a message sent by radio). If you are a ham radio operator, you are issued a call sign used to identify your station to other hams. The concept is the same for broadcast radio stations (AM/FM/TV/Shortwave), maritime vessels or shore stations, civilian aircraft, and most government radio stations. Legally operated radio stations transmitting anywhere in the radio spectrum will identify at some point using a valid call sign issued to them by their national controlling authority.

However, when you start diving into the dark and murky waters of military call signs or words things are not so clear cut. Finding out who and why a particular call sign is being used can be a challenge. You won't find any official databases or publications for these call signs online. The reason for this is simple. In many instances, a military radio call sign/word is designed to keep that unit, its platform identity, its mission, and in some cases even who is on board that aircraft or vessel hidden.

Ask any radio hobbyist what information they consider important during a radio monitoring session and two items will top their list: frequencies and the call signs heard on them. If you hear activity on a military frequency, unless you can fully identify the participants by their call sign, you can’t fully appreciate or document the traffic you are hearing on your shortwave radio or scanner.

To aid the military radio hobbyists in their listening endeavors Teak Publishing has published a series of call sign books/e-books over the last several years. Now the company is pleased to announce its latest Kindle e-book in the series - the U.S. Military Call Sign Directory, 1st edition.

In this new edition, the author presents the most comprehensive collection of U.S. military station identifications ever published for the radio listening hobby. It is the result of seven years of research and monitoring in the HF/VHF/UHF radio spectrums, by the author. No classified military sources were used in the production of this book, and due to the size of this publication, a printed version will not be available.

In addition to thousands of static and tactical call signs for the major U.S. military services, other types of identifiers such as Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) addresses and marine MMSI identifiers for U.S. Navy and Coast Guard vessels and aircraft are also included in this edition. There is also a chapter devoted to call signs/words used by the Department of Defense including the Military Auxiliary Radio Services (MARS) and the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) auxiliary services.

A whole new chapter in the book is devoted to the latest craze in military aircraft monitoring - decoding Mode-S ADS-B hex code radio signals. The chapter on these hex code addresses includes introductory material on monitoring these unique identifiers and thousands of hex codes identified by airframes. There is also an additional chapter devoted to known hex hole ranges in the DoD ADS-B spectrum.

The last chapter of this book contains a large list of resource information including Navy ship/squadron classifications; Coast Guard cutter designators; a massive list of abbreviations and acronyms that appear in the book and other Teak Publishing publications; a comprehensive country abbreviation list; and the latest Table of Allocations of International Call signs from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

If you monitor the military radio spectrum, outside of the international shortwave broadcast or ham bands, then there is something in this book for you. This e-book is a must in any radio shack reference library.

Available at Amazon:




Shortwave Radiogram Program 385


 Hello friends,

With poor reception in many locations in recent weeks, we will transmit two Olivia modes that often survive weak signals and/or interference: Olivia 64-2000 and Olivia 32-2000. The 2000 refers to the bandwidth in Hz, so make sure your receiver can accommodate these modes extending from 500 to 2500 Hz above or below the carrier frequency. The SSB and AM modes on most receivers should be adequate. Also, these Olivia modes work better if Fldigi's squelch (SQL) is off.

You will notice that these Olivia modes are slow: about 24 wpm for Olivia 64-2000 and 48 wpm for Olivia 32-2000.

Wishing you poor reception this week, so you can see how these Olivia modes cope with adversity.

Reception was good, in most parts of the world, this past Wednesday at 1330-1400 UTC on 15770 kHz from WRMI Florida. Unfortunately, the WRMI transmitter went off the air shortly after 1330 UTC. Then it came back for the first MFSK64 image, the flags of Norway. Then it quit again for the rest of the half hour.   Hoping for better luck on 15770 this Wednesday.

A video of last week's Shortwave Radiogram (program 385) is provided by Scott in Ontario (Wednesday 1330 UTC) -- but the WRMI transmitter was down for most of that half hour. However, H0b0_Radio  in Washington state has made available an IQ recording of the Monday 0800-0830 UTC broadcast. The audio archive is maintained by Mark in the UK. Analysis is provided by Roger in Germany.

Here is the lineup for Shortwave Radiogram, program 385, 17-22 January 2025, in MFSK and Olivia modes as noted:

 1:48  MFSK32: Program preview
 3:09  Olivia 64-2000**: Arctic permafrost is sinking
 7:50  Olivia 32-2000**: Arctic permafrost (continued)
10:27  MFSK64: Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket launches*
14:58  MFSK64: Images of the week*
28:12  MFSK32: Closing announcements

* with image(s)

** Turn off Fldigi's squelch SQL for the Olivia modes

Please send reception reports to radiogram@verizon.net

And visit http://swradiogram.net

Twitter: @SWRadiogram or https://twitter.com/swradiogram

(visit during the weekend to see listeners’ results)

Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/567099476753304

 
Other Shortwave broadcast programs that include digital text and images include The Mighty KBC, Pop Shop Radio and Radio North Europe International (RNEI). Links to these fine broadcasts, with schedules, are posted here.
 
Thanks for your reception reports!

Kim

Kim Andrew Elliott, KD9XB
Producer and Presenter
Shortwave Radiogram
Reporting on international broadcasting at https://twitter.com/kaedotcom

Wednesday, January 15, 2025

Armenia schedule update

 
ARMENIA  
The Trans World Radio broadcasts via Gavar Armenia on MW 864 kHz. were cancelled broadcasts on 864 kHz (1000 kW, Yerevan Gavar - Noratus, Armenia) from January 1. 
Source: https:\\vk.com/wall-158109176_3835

From the start of the A24 season, the schedule was 1710-1725 UTC in Turkmen, 1725-1740 UT in Kazakh, and 1740-1755 UT in Karakalpak. Radio Liberty left that frequency on March 30, 2024 (1430-1530 UT in Russian).

Those transmissions were moved to 1377 kHz, 
UTC
1710-1725 Turkmen
1725-1740 Kazakh
1740-1755 Karakalpak
1800-1930 Persian
1932-2047 Ukrainian
(Alex Miatlikov Dnipro-UKR, direct via Jan 8)
(WWDXC/Top nx 1604-15 Jan 2025)

Monday, January 13, 2025

Radio Keeps California Informed Amid Los Angeles Wildfire Crisis

 
photo via Samaritan's Purse

Radio is again serving as an invaluable lifeline in the face of natural disaster as multiple wildfires ravage Los Angeles County in California. 140,000 are without power and more than 70,000 people have been evacuated, making radio the sole means of info for many in harm’s way.

The Palisades and Eaton Fires, which erupted Tuesday and were fueled by strong winds into Wednesday, have grown to affect tens of thousands of acres with minimal containment, creating a “ring of fire” around LA. While the true damage is impossible to know at this time, Los Angeles County Fire Chief Anthony Marrone said as of Wednesday morning, the wildfires have claimed two lives and damaged over 1,000 structures.

Additional text: 
https://radioink.com/2025/01/08/radio-keeps-california-informed-amid-los-angeles-wildfire-crisis/?vgo_ee=XAx7ptfnnAxvdXjeVE9cveF1QH964LvfTvOUaCYr92C6%3ArB%2FUMmDIXdHouvVrMn57FXz1itJVTlda

Tiny URL https://tinyurl.com/5n7e6td9

A Wavescan focus on RNZ’s New Shortwave Transmitter

 Ampegon 100 kW model supports both DRM and analog operation


By James Careless
Radio World – December 18, 2024

Jeff: Last month in the December 18 th edition of the American trade magazine ‘Radio World’, there was an article about Radio New Zealand’s new shortwave transmitter. We realize that some of you will have seen that article already, but
many will not, and since it’s of general interest to shortwave listeners globally, we thought we’d bring it to you here in Wavescan. Here’s Ray Robinson.

Ray: Thanks, Jeff. The article’s byline was by writer James Careless. On August 1, 2024, RNZ Pacific — the international service of New Zealand’s public media organization RNZ — did something rather unusual by current international
broadcasting standards.
Rather than take a shortwave transmitter offline to shut down a service, RNZ Pacific replaced it with a new 100 kW Ampegon TSW-2100 transmitter. As Radio World’s Carter Ross reported at the time, “The new transmitter replaces the 33-year-old
RNZ Pacific ‘Transmitter 1’ installed in 1989 at Rangitaiki, near Taup? in central North Island. Part of a project to improve RNZ Pacific’s capabilities, the new transmitter supports both DRM digital and analog operation.” The estimated cost to the government was US$2.4 million.

Commissioning of the transmitter was officiated by the country’s minister of foreign affairs at RNZ House in Wellington. So why did RNZ Pacific take this step? We asked Chief Technology Officer, Mark Bullen and Transmission Manager, Steve White.

Chartered service
It may seem an overstatement to characterize RNZ Pacific’s installation of a new radio transmitter as a life-or-death decision. But for those in the region who rely on its broadcasts during natural disasters — particularly on small islands with weak
broadcast resources of their own — RNZ Pacific is an information lifeline. This has been especially true since 2017, when Australia cut the last of its international shortwave services to save money.

Fortunately for RNZ Pacific’s far-flung audience, this broadcaster’s shortwave service appears to be safe for the foreseeable future. “RNZ, under its charter, must ‘include an international service to the South Pacific in both English and Pacific
languages,’” said Mark Bullen. As a result, RNZ has been broadcasting on shortwave into the South Pacific region from the Rangitaiki transmitter site since 1990. “Prior to that the service was transmitted from our Titahi Bay site in Wellington, which opened on Monday Sept. 25, 1948,” he said.
To abide by its charter, RNZ Pacific works with media partners across the Pacific to support the reception and rebroadcasting of its content in 22 nations. As well, “as part of our lifeline utility role in New Zealand, we take on the role of
ensuring that we can broadcast lifesaving information to the Pacific region,” said Bullen. “Being able to deliver from outside the region ensures that it can be resilient, regardless of the event impacting the Pacific, whether it be cyclones or
other causes resulting in loss of infrastructure. Since the other nearby shortwave service from Australia ended in 2017, this has reinforced our role as a shortwave service provider in the region.” RNZ Pacific’s decision to include Digital Radio Mondiale capability in its new shortwave transmitter was designed to do more than deliver content to consumer DRM receivers.

“We have media partners that choose to rebroadcast our DRM service within their countries,” Bullen said. “Unlike analog SW, DRM delivers high-quality digital audio that is suitable for rebroadcasting. Thankfully, our existing Thales shortwave 100
kW transmitter also can deliver both analog and DRM services. So this gives us flexibility and resilience across RNZ Pacific’s two transmitters to simulcast if required or to perform maintenance on one of our transmitters.”

RNZ Pacific chose the Ampegon 100 kW transmitter after a ‘request for proposals’ process. “There were two key high-level criteria: commercial viability, and ongoing support and maintenance.” Another transmitter that was considered would have
required structural changes to the transmission building. “Working with Ampegon allowed us to leverage our long working history and support along with the ability to share spares and tubes between the new and old transmitter


Smooth transition
RNZ Pacific’s new Ampegon shortwave transmitter provides the same transmission power as the 1989 Thomson 100 kW analog-only transmitter that it replaced. Listeners are not likely to notice much difference, unless, of course, they are tuning in using DRM digital radios. “The coverage is unchanged, as there have not been any modifications or additions to the antenna system,” said Steve White.

“The gains for RNZ Pacific lie in ensuring that the service is reliable going forward and that we now have redundancy for our DRM service,” Bullen said. Installing and commissioning the transmitter was a relatively smooth process, but some work still had to be done. Specifically, a site control system installed in 2005 was upgraded to interface to the new transmitter and the opportunity was taken to upgrade hardware and software to current versions. The audio distribution system was upgraded to a fully digital system, greatly improving operational flexibility.

Although the Ampegon was essentially a swap-out for the Thomson it replaced, the new transmitter is more efficient. “It also has the AMC analog modulation system, which results in further significant savings on power consumption along with much-reduced stress on the transmitter,” said White. Solid performance The new transmitter is performing as specified. “Now that we have two fully operational transmitters again, we simulcast in analog mode using the second transmitter during our DRM broadcasts so that all listeners can receive the service,” White said.
The old Thomson transmitter has been dismantled, with useful parts recovered for spares. “Parts of the transmitter were also sent to our Titahi Bay transmitter site in Wellington, where they will be put on display next to one of the original 1948
shortwave transmitters,” said White.
The new transmitter appears to be delivering the kind of international reach that the broadcaster was looking for, based on reception reports that listeners send to RNZ Pacific daily as well as data from its own monitoring receivers in the Pacific
region.
“We saw recently that the signal had been picked up by a pocket radio in Plymouth, Minnesota — some 8,000 miles away from the Rangitaiki site,” White said.
“This suggests that the new transmitter is operating well.”
Back to you, Jeff.
(Ray Robinson/Jeff White/Wavescan)




Weekly Propagation Forecast Bulletins, January 13

Product: Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
:Issued: 2025 Jan 13 0208 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web contact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#                Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
#
Highlights of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 06 - 12 January 2025

Solar activity ranged from low to moderate levels. Region 3947 (N12, L=340, class/area=Ekc/370 on 08 Jan) produced the strongest event of the period, an M4.8 flare (R1-Minor) at 06/1624 UTC. Associated with the flare were Type II and Type IV radio sweeps. The CME produced originated from the W limb and no Earth-directed component was suspected. The only other region to produce an R1 event was 3737 (S17, L=083, class/area=Cso/130 on 02 Jan) with an M1.1 flare at 07/2305 UTC. No Earth-directed CMEs were identified in available coronagraph imagery. 

No proton events were observed at geosynchronous orbit.

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit reached high levels on 06-09 Jan following influence from a positive polarity CH HSS. The remainder of the summary period was at normal to moderate levels. 

Geomagnetic field activity ranged from quiet to active levels. Active levels on 06 Jan and 08-10 Jan were associated with weak positive polarity CH HSS influence. The remainder of the summary period was at quiet to unsettled levels. 

Forecast of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 13 January - 08 February 2025

Solar activity is expected to be at low levels, with a chance for M-class (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) and slight chance for X-class events (R3/Strong), throughout the outlook period. 

No proton events are expected at geosynchronous orbit.

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit is likely to reached high levels on 02-05 Feb due to recurrent CH HSS influence. The remainder of the outlook period is expected to be at normal to moderate levels. 

Geomagnetic field activity is expected to range from quiet to G1 (Minor) geomagnetic storm levels. G1 conditions are likely on 31 Jan - 02 Feb due to the anticipated influence of a positive polarity CH HSS. Active conditions are likely on 13 Jan and 03-05 Feb. The remainder of the outlook period is expected to range from quiet to unsettled levels. 

Product: 27-day Space Weather Outlook Table 27DO.txt
:Issued: 2025 Jan 13 0208 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC contact on the Web
#
#      27-day Space Weather Outlook Table
#                Issued 2025-01-13
#
#   UTC      Radio Flux   Planetary   Largest
#  Date       10.7 cm      A Index    Kp Index
2025 Jan 13     150           6          2
2025 Jan 14     145           8          3
2025 Jan 15     145          10          3
2025 Jan 16     145           6          2
2025 Jan 17     150           8          3
2025 Jan 18     155          10          3
2025 Jan 19     155           8          3
2025 Jan 20     160           8          3
2025 Jan 21     160           5          2
2025 Jan 22     165           5          2
2025 Jan 23     165           5          2
2025 Jan 24     165           5          2
2025 Jan 25     170           5          2
2025 Jan 26     170           5          2
2025 Jan 27     175           5          2
2025 Jan 28     175           5          2
2025 Jan 29     170           5          2
2025 Jan 30     170           5          2
2025 Jan 31     165          20          5
2025 Feb 01     160          20          5
2025 Feb 02     155          20          5
2025 Feb 03     155          15          4
2025 Feb 04     150          12          4
2025 Feb 05     150          12          4
2025 Feb 06     150          10          3
2025 Feb 07     145           5          2
2025 Feb 08     145           5          2
(NOAA) 


Friday, January 10, 2025

Texas Radio Shortwave reboots Radio Igloo on January 12

 

All times UTC/kHz

January 12, 2025
 Texas Radio Shortwave to stream Swedish pirate Radio Igloo on Mixcloud, Sunday, January 12 at 1800 UTC

 Propagation to many parts of the world was terrible for TRSW’s January 5th broadcast on 9670 kHz.  We want listeners to have a chance to hear what they missed: an hour of music and talk from Radio Igloo.

 We’ll stream the show at 1800 UTC on Sunday, 

January 12.  We’ll run our interval signal from 1758 so listeners can set up their equipment to listen or record the program.

 The URL is www.mixcloud.com/live/texasradiosw/.

Programs for Europe and beyond are transmitted on Channel 292 in Rohrbach, Germany, 10 kiloWatts with an omnidirectional antenna.
Programs to North America and beyond are transmitted on Channel 292, 10 kilowatts with a 10.5 dB gain beam antenna.

Programs on Mixcloud are streamed at www.mixcloud/live/texasradiosw/ beginning at 1758 UTC with TRSW's interval signal

Texas Radio Shortwave is an independent producer of musical and topical shows, usually 

Texas Radio Shortwave uses a version of The Yellow Rose of Texas as its interval signal and signature song.

Texas Radio Shortwave verifies correct, detailed reception reports by electronic QSL. This includes reports from listeners using a remote receiver (SDRs), and listeners to the Mixcloud stream.
Many TRSW programs are archived at www.mixcloud.com/texasradiosw

Follow us on Facebook at the Texas Radio Shortwave Listener's Group at: 
(TRSW)

Radio Caroline North to broadcast January 11-12

 
photo via Wikipedia

Our next Radio Caroline North broadcast is between the 11th – 12th January, live from our radio ship Ross Revenge.

You'll hear some great music from the 1960's to 1990's – plus this month's Web Shop goodies competition is sponsored by eHardware – one of the leading online suppliers of architectural ironmongery, door and window hardware in the UK. 

Click the panel below and use voucher code CAROLINE10 to get a 10 per cent listener discount! – plus each winner will receive a copy of the new book The Printer Went to War and More by Todd Slaughter (see below).

Listen on 648 AM across England, The Netherlands, Belgium and beyond, on 1368 AM in the North/North-West courtesy of our friends at Manx Radio, worldwide online here via our Caroline North Player, on smart speakers and the Radio Caroline app.

We'd love to hear from you during the broadcast and remember, it's the only email address that gets you straight through to our 'North' broadcasters.

https://www.radiocaroline.co.uk/#contact.html

Encore classical music from Radio Turnbill

 

Regular Broadcast times of Encore By WRMI and Channel 292 are:
02:00 - 03:00 UTC Friday 5850 kHz WRMI to US
20:00 - 21:00 UTC Friday 15770 kHz WRMI to Europe
11:00 - 12:00 UTC Saturday 9670 kHz Channel 292 to Europe
01:00 - 02:00 UTC Sunday 5850 kHz WRMI to US and Canada
18:00 - 19:00 UTC Sunday 3955 kHz Channel 292 to Europe
03:00 - 04:00 UTC Monday 5950 kHz WRMI to the US and Canada
13:00 - 14:00 UTC Tuesday 15770 kHz WRMI to Europe, east coast of US and Iceland. (Sometimes RTTY on the lower sideband. Suggest notch out or use USB.)
 
Some Things to see on The Encore Website:
The Encore website is www.tumbril.co.uk where you will find:
Important information about funding of Encore - Radio Tumbril.
Up to date transmission times and frequencies.
The playlists for the most recent programmes.
An email link.
Informal reception reports as well as those requesting eQSL cards are welcome.
 
ENCORE IS A ONE-MAN OPERATION -  PLEASE MAKE A PAYPAL DONATION AND HELP KEEP ENCORE ON THE AIR - Go to - www.tumbril.co.uk
 
WRMI and Channel 292 are very generous with their air-time but Encore still costs around 100 Dollars/Euros a month to broadcast.
If you can - please send a small contribution to help Encore keep going.
 
THE DONATION BUTTON is on the homepage of the website - www.tumbril.co.uk - which folks can use if they would like to support Encore.
 
(Please don't be put off by the POWR security wall when using the PAYPAL button - it is a harmless requirement of WIX the website hosting service.)
 
THIS FORTNIGHT'S PROGRAMME - First broadcast this FRIDAY 10th January by WRMI at 0200 UTC on 5850, and 2000 UTC on 15770 and then Channel 292 on SATURDAY 11th January at 11:00 UTC on 9670 kHz:
Begins with three parts of the second of the Brandenburg Concertos from JS Bach, the only piano trio composed by Clara Schumman, and The Margaret Songs by Libby Larsen.
After that we'll listen to Open Hydrant by Dave Soldier, and some of a Sonatina for Flute and Guitar by Tedesco.
The Programme ends with Allegro Moderato from the Sonata for Cello and Piano Kashperova.Thank you for spreading the word about Encore - Classical Music on Shortwave on Radio Tumbril - and thank you for your support.
 
Brice Avery - Encore - Radio Tumbril - www.tumbril.co.uk
GMØTLY

Shortwave Radiogram, Program 384

 

Dana near Napa, California, received these images 6 January 2025, 0800-0830 UTC, 5850 kHz from WRMI Florida, using his Icom IC-7300 with a 40-meter dipole

Hello friends,

Our thoughts are with any of our listeners, and everyone else, affected by the terrible fires in southern California.

Here in Arlington, Virginia, snow is an increasingly infrequent visitor, but we had a good snowstorm on January 6. Well, some of us who like snow think it was good. We measured about 8 inches, or 20 cm, of  depth in our front yard. I shoveled the sidewalk parallel to the street (as required by the County) on Monday, and dug out the car on Tuesday. As I get older, it seems the snow gets heavier, and the aches after shoveling become more prominent. Funny how that happens.

Fortunately, there was no disruption to our electric power. Amateur radio, and monitoring radio communications, were good companions while cooped up inside. My antennas have survived the heavy winds during the days following the snowstorm.

This time of year, I prefer the painting of the week, that closes each show, to be relevant to the season. So, for example, no deciduous trees full of green leaves. Many of the paintings that meet this criterion in January and February picture falling snow. The problem for Shortwave Radiogram is that listeners decoding the image may think that they see the noise interference typical of shortwave reception, when actually it is falling snow. Accordingly, I will avoid paintings depicting falling snow, unless it is an irresistible painting showing falling snow. 

A video of last week's Shortwave Radiogram (program 383) is provided by Scott in Ontario (Wednesday 1330 UTC). The audio archive is maintained by Mark in the UK. The analysis is provided by Roger in Germany.

Here is the lineup for Shortwave Radiogram, program 384, 10-15 January 2025,  in MFSK modes as noted:

 1:44  MFSK32: Program preview
 2:54  MFSK32: Towards a medication-friendly grapefruit*
 6:01  MFSK64: How Norway became electric vehicle leader*
12:36  MFSK64: Images of the week*
27:22  MFSK32: Closing announcements

* with image(s)

Please send reception reports to radiogram@verizon.net
Twitter: @SWRadiogram or https://twitter.com/swradiogram
(visit during the weekend to see listeners’ results)

Shortwave Radiogram Gateway Wiki: https://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/Shortwave_Radiogram_Gateway

THE SHORTWAVE RADIOGRAM TRANSMISSION SCHEDULE IS IN THE IMAGE BELOW.
IF THE SCHEDULE IS NOT VISIBLE FULL WIDTH, CLICK ON IT.

Other Shortwave broadcast programs that include digital text and images include The Mighty KBC, Pop Shop Radio and Radio North Europe International (RNEI). Links to these fine broadcasts, with schedules, are posted here.
 
Thanks for your reception reports!

Kim

Kim Andrew Elliott, KD9XB
Producer and Presenter
Shortwave Radiogram
Reporting on international broadcasting at https://twitter.com/kaedotcom
 

Tuesday, January 07, 2025

Shiokaze 2025 schedule update

From Hiroshi's blog, schedule update for the clandestine station, Shiokaze  


 Effective: January 2025
1300-1400 on 5935 and 6085 kHz                             
1405-1435 on 7260 and 7325 kHz                             
1600-1700 on 6165 and 6180 kHz                             
1705-1805 on 7225 and 7320 kHz
 
Shiokaze (Sea Breeze) broadcasts to North Korea and is operated by the independent investigating organization "Investigation Commission on Missing Japanese Probably Related to North Korea", regarding persons believed to have been abducted by North Korea prior to 1983. All broadcasts are from Yamata in Japan (300 kW). 
 
They usually have an English program at 1300-1400 and 1600-1700 on Wednesdays (otherwise they are in Korean and Japanese)           
 (T Rogers/BDXC) 


Monday, January 06, 2025

Weekly Propagation Forecast Bulletins

 

Product: Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
:Issued: 2025 Jan 06 0242 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web contact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#                Weekly Highlights and Forecasts
#
Highlights of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 30 December - 05 January 2025

Solar activity reached R1 (Minor) levels on 30 Dec - 05 Jan, R2 (Moderate) levels on 30 Dec and 03-04 Jan and R3 (Strong) levels on 30 Dec and 03-04 Jan. During this highlight period, a total of 41 C-class, 34 M-class and 5 X-class flares were observed. Region 3936 (N14, L=144, class/area Ekc/400 on 26 Dec) contributed the first X-class (R3-Strong) flare with an X1.5/2n at 30 Dec/0414 UTC. Shortly after, Region 3932 (S17, L=155, class/area Fkc/480 on 23 Dec) contributed an X1.1/1n flare at 30 Dec/0431 UTC. This event
also had a 430 sfu Tenflare associated with it. R1 (Minor) flares were observed on 31 Dec and 01-02 Jan from Regions 3932, 3936 and 3939 (S17, L=084, class/area Dac/130 on 31 Dec). 

Activity picked up on 03 Jan with R1 (Minor), R2 (Moderate) and R3 (Strong) flare activity observed from new Region 3947 (N10, L=342, class/area Dkc/310 on 04 Jan). The largest event observed during this time was an X1.8 flare at 04/1248 UTC. Associated with this flare was a Type II Sweep with an estimated velocity of 314 km/s. On 04 Jan/1915 UTC, Region 3939 produced a long-duration C7.6 flare with a western CME modelled as a possible glancing blow hit at Earth on 06 Jan. R1 (Minor) activity predominated on 05 Jan from Region 3947. 

A 10 MeV proton event was observed at geosynchronous orbit beginning at 04/2235 UTC, peaked at 20 pfu at 05/0055 UTC and ended at 05/0940 UTC. This event was associated with the long-duration C7.6 flare observed on 04 Jan. 

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit was at normal to moderate levels. However, the greater than 2 MeV electron flux briefly reached high levels of 1,070 pfu at 05/1950 UTC, but was not sustained long enough to warrant a SWPC electron flux alert. 

Geomagnetic field activity was at mostly quiet levels on 30 Dec. 31 Dec - 02 Jan saw increased activity levels due to effects from an Earth-bound, 29 Dec CME. Active levels were observed during the last half of 31 Dec and early on 01 Jan. Levels increased to G1 (Minor), G2 (Moderate), G3 (Strong) and G4 (Severe) throughout 01 Jan. Activity levels decreased to unsettled to G1 (Minor) levels on 02 Jan as CME effects lessened. Quiet to unsettled levels were observed on 03 Jan. On 04 Jan, CME effects from a filament liftoff observed early on 01 Jan, coupled with positive polarity CH HSS influence, were observed. Unsettled to G1 (Minor) levels were observed. Unsettled to active levels were observed on 05 Jan due to positive polarity CH HSS effects. 

Solar wind began the period at about 325 km/s, increased to 500 km/s on 01-02 Jan, decreased to about 400 km/s late on 03 Jan, increased again to about 680 km/s on 05 Jan and ended the period near 500 km/s. Bt values peaked late on 31 Dec to 27 nT while Bz values reached -22 nT midday on 01 Jan. 

Forecast of Solar and Geomagnetic Activity 06 January - 01 February 2025

Solar activity is expected to be at low to moderate R1-R2 (Minor-Moderate) levels, with a chance for isolated R3 (Strong) levels due to potential flare activity from numerous active regions. 

There is a chance for a greater than 10 MeV proton event reaching the S1 (Minor) level during the outlook period. 

The greater than 2 MeV electron flux at geosynchronous orbit is expected to be at normal to moderate levels. 

Geomagnetic field activity is expected to reach R1 (Minor) levels on 06 Jan due to likely CME effects. Unsettled to active levels are likely on 07-08 Jan, 11-12 Jan, 16-20 Jan and 31 Jan-01 Feb due to CH HSS effects. Mostly quiet conditions are likely on 09-10 Jan, 13-15 Jan and 21-30 Jan. 

Product: 27-day Space Weather Outlook Table 27DO.txt
:Issued: 2025 Jan 06 0242 UTC
# Prepared by the US Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Space Weather Prediction Center
# Product description and SWPC web contact www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/subscription-services
#
#      27-day Space Weather Outlook Table
#                Issued 2025-01-06
#
#   UTC      Radio Flux   Planetary   Largest
#  Date       10.7 cm      A Index    Kp Index
2025 Jan 06     172          22          5
2025 Jan 07     165          12          4
2025 Jan 08     165           8          3
2025 Jan 09     170           5          2
2025 Jan 10     170           5          2
2025 Jan 11     175           8          3
2025 Jan 12     180           8          3
2025 Jan 13     180           5          2
2025 Jan 14     175           5          2
2025 Jan 15     175           5          2
2025 Jan 16     180          12          4
2025 Jan 17     190          10          3
2025 Jan 18     200          10          3
2025 Jan 19     210          10          3
2025 Jan 20     220          10          3
2025 Jan 21     230           5          2
2025 Jan 22     230           5          2
2025 Jan 23     230           5          2
2025 Jan 24     230           5          2
2025 Jan 25     230           5          2
2025 Jan 26     225           5          2
2025 Jan 27     220           5          2
2025 Jan 28     215           5          2
2025 Jan 29     210           5          2
2025 Jan 30     205           5          2
2025 Jan 31     200          18          5
2025 Feb 01     170          15          5
(NOAA)

Sunday, January 05, 2025

The Incredible Story Behind the First Transistor Radio

 

How the Regency TR-1 helped Texas Instruments launch its semiconductor business
                        By Professor Allison Marsh, University of South Carolina

Jeff: Today we feature the incredible story behind the first transistor radio, which has been researched and written by Professor Allison Marsh at the University of South Carolina, and which was first published last year in the journal of the Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers, to whom we are grateful. Here’s Ray Robinson, in Los Angeles.

Ray: Thanks, Jeff. Imagine if your boss called a meeting in May to announce that he’s committing 10 percent of the company’s revenue to the development of a brand-new mass-market consumer product, made with a not-yet-ready-for-mass production component. Oh, and he wants it on store shelves in less than six months, in time for the holiday shopping season. Ambitious, yes. Kind of nuts, also yes. But that’s pretty much what Pat Haggerty, vice president of Texas Instruments, did in 1954. The result was the Regency TR-1, the world’s first commercial transistor radio, which debuted 70 years ago last October. The engineers delivered on Haggerty’s audacious goal, and manufacturing division and its electronics work. By 1951, Haggerty’s division was significantly outpacing GSI’s geophysical division, and so the Dallas-based company reorganized as Texas Instruments to focus on electronics.

Meanwhile, on 30 June 1948, Bell Labs had announced John Bardeen and Walter Brattain’s game-changing invention of the transistor. No longer would electronics be dependent on large, hot vacuum tubes. The U.S. government chose not to classify the technology because of its potentially broad applications. In 1951, Bell Labs began licensing the transistor for US$25,000 through the Western Electric Co. Haggerty bought a license for TI the following year. TI was still a small company, with not much in the way of R&D capacity. But Haggerty and the other founders wanted it to become a big and profitable company.

And so they established research labs to focus on semiconductor materials and a project-engineering group to develop marketable products. Haggerty also hired Gordon Teal from Bell Labs, who’d been with them for 22 years. Although Teal wasn’t part of the team that invented the germanium transistor, he recognized that it could be improved by using a single grown crystal, such as silicon. Haggerty was familiar with Teal’s work from a 1951 Bell Labs symposium on transistor technology. Teal happened to be homesick for his native Texas, so when TI advertised for a research director in the New York Times, he applied, and Haggerty offered him the job of assistant vice president instead. Teal started at TI
on 1 January 1953.

And 15 months later, Teal demonstrated the first silicon transistor, and he presented his findings 3½ weeks later at the Institute of Radio Engineers’ National Conference on Airborne Electronics, in Dayton, Ohio. The audience was astounded to hear that TI had not just one but three types of silicon transistors already in production.

The TR-1 became a product in less than 6 months This advancement in silicon put TI on the map as a major player in the transistor industry, but Haggerty was impatient. He wanted a transistorized commercial product now, even if that meant using germanium transistors. On 21 May 1954, Haggerty challenged a research group at TI to have a working prototype of a transistor radio by the following week; four days later, the team came through, with a breadboard containing eight transistors.
Haggerty decided that was good enough to commit $2 million — just under 10% of TI’s revenue — to commercialize the radio.

Of course, a working prototype is not the same as a mass-production product, and Haggerty knew TI needed a partner to help manufacture the radio. That partner turned out to be Industrial Development Engineering Associates (IDEA), a small company out of Indianapolis that specialized in antenna boosters and other electronic goods. They signed an agreement in June 1954 with the goal of announcing the new radio in October. TI would provide the components, and IDEA would manufacture the radio under its Regency brand.

Germanium transistors at the time cost $10 to $15 apiece. With eight transistors, the radio was too expensive to be marketed at the desired price point of $50 (more than $580 today, which coincidentally is about what it’ll cost you if you can find a good one on eBay). Vacuum-tube radios were selling for less, but TI and IDEA figured early adopters would pay that much to try out a new technology. Part of Haggerty’s strategy was to increase the volume of transistor production to eventually lower the per-transistor cost, which he managed to slash to about $2.50.

By the time TI met with IDEA, the breadboard was down to six transistors. It was IDEA’s challenge to figure out how to make the transistorized radio at a profit. According to Richard Koch, IDEA’s chief engineer on the project, TI’s real goal was to make transistors, and the radio was simply the gimmick to get there. In fact, part of the TI–IDEA agreement was that any patents that came out of the project would be in the public domain so that TI was free to sell more transistors to other buyers.

At the initial meeting, Koch, who had never seen a transistor before in real life, suggested substituting a germanium diode for the detector (which extracted the audio signal from the desired radio frequency), bringing the transistor count down to five. After thinking about the configuration a bit more, Koch


eliminated another transistor by using a single transistor for the oscillator/mixer circuit. The final design was four transistors set in a superheterodyne design, a type of receiver that combines two frequencies to produce an intermediate frequency that can easily be amplified, thereby boosting a weak signal and decreasing the required antenna size. The TR-1 had two transistors as intermediate-frequency amplifiers and one as an audio amplifier, plus the oscillator/mixer. Koch applied for a patent
for the circuitry the following year. The radio ran on a 22.5-volt battery, which offered a playing life of 20 to 30 hours and cost $1.25. (Such batteries were also used in external power packs for hearing aids, the only other consumer product to use transistors up to that point.)

TI’s original prototype

While IDEA’s team was working on the circuitry, they outsourced the design of the TR-1’s packaging to the Chicago firm of Painter, Teague, and Petertil. Their first design didn’t work because the components didn’t fit. Would their second design be better? As Koch later recalled, IDEA’s purchasing agent, Floyd Hayhurst, picked up the molding dies for the radio cases in Chicago and rushed them back to Indianapolis. He arrived at 2:00 in the morning, and the team got to work. Fortunately, everything fit this time. The plastic case was a little warped, but that was simple to fix: they slapped a wooden piece on each case as it came off the line so it wouldn’t twist as it cooled.

How each radio was assembled by hand: https://youtu.be/kKln6zTy4C8 On 18 October 1954, Texas Instruments announced the first commercial transistorized radio. It would be available in select outlets in New York and Los Angeles beginning 1 November, with wider distribution once production ramped up. The Regency TR-1 Transistor Pocket Radio initially came in black, gray, red, and ivory, priced $49.95. Other colors were added later: green, mahogany, lavender, pearl white, meridian blue, powder pink, and lime.

The TR-1 got so-so reviews, faced competition Consumer Reports was not enthusiastic about the Regency TR-1. In its April 1955 review, it found that transmission of speech was “adequate” under good conditions, but music transmission was unsatisfactory under any conditions, especially on a noisy street or crowded beach. The magazine used adjectives such as whistle, squeal, thin, tinny, and high-pitched to describe various sounds — not exactly high praise for a radio. It also found fault with the on/off switch. Their recommendation: wait for further refinement before buying one. The engineers at TI and IDEA didn’t necessarily disagree. They knew they were making a sound-quality trade-off by going with just four transistors. They also had quality-control problems with the transistors and other components, with initial failure rates up to 50 percent. Eventually, IDEA got the failure rate down to 12 to 15 percent.



Unbeknownst to TI or IDEA, Raytheon was also working on a transistorized radio — a tabletop model rather than a pocket-sized one. That gave them the space to use six transistors, which significantly upped the sound quality. Raytheon’s radio came out in February 1955. Priced at $79.95, it weighed 4½ pounds and ran on four D-cell batteries. That August, a small Japanese company called Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corp. released its first transistor radio, the TR-55. A few years later, the company changed its name to Sony and went on to dominate the world’s consumer radio market.

The legacy of the Regency TR-1
The Regency TR-1 was a success by many measures: it sold 100,000 units in its first year, and it helped jump-start the transistor market. But the radio was never very profitable. Within a few years, both Texas Instruments and IDEA left the commercial AM radio business; TI to focus on semiconductors, and IDEA to concentrate on citizens band radios. Yet Pat Haggerty estimated that this little pocket radio pushed the market in transistorized consumer goods ahead by two years. It was a leap of faith that worked out, thanks to some hard-working engineers with a vision.
Back to you, Jeff.
(Ray Robinson/AWR Wavescan)

YouTube Video - Assembling Transistor Radios 1955


U.K. Propagation Report

 
RSGB
GB2RS News Team
January 3, 2025

We started the new year with a bang, or more precisely a Kp index of 8
and widespread visible aurora. This was caused by a partial halo coronal
mass ejection, associated with an eruption in the Sun’s southeast
quadrant on the 29 December.

The strong G3 to severe G4 geomagnetic storm peaked at about 1800UTC on
the 1 January as the solar wind speed moved past Earth at just above 500
kilometres per second. It then subsided as the Bz component settled into
a north-pointing position.

HF propagation suffered as a result with the maximum usable frequency
down for the rest of the evening. By the morning of the 2 January,
things had improved and maximum usable frequencies over a 3,000km path
were back above 28MHz.

The solar flux index remained above 200, which no doubt helped, but we
are in rocky times from a space weather point of view.

A large coronal hole became Earth-facing on Friday 3 January which will
no doubt cause some geomagnetic disruption today, the 5 January, as the
Kp index rises.

NOAA predicts the solar flux index may decline this week, possibly
ending in the 160s to 170s. Geomagnetic conditions may also be in for a
rough ride around the 10 and 11 Janaury when the Kp index is forecast to
reach 4.

 From a radio point of view, January is a peak time for low-band DXing.
The nights are long and dark so make the most of the 160 and 80m bands.
You may also get DX during the late afternoon on the 40m band.

During the daytime keep an eye on the 10m band, which may throw up the
odd, interesting DX station while the solar flux index remains high.

  VHF and up :

To start the year the main feature is low pressure over the country but,
in the depths of winter, it’s good to remember that snow and rain both
provide scattering opportunities for the GHz bands.

There is a glimmer of tropo hope for the end of the coming week, around
the 11 and 12 January, as high pressure builds over northern Britain.
This will be a cold-air high which tends not to be the best for tropo,
but it’s worth a look nonetheless.

The solar conditions provided an aurora on New Year’s Day with a brief
index of 8 during the afternoon. With other disturbances possible, it is
worth keeping up to date with solar conditions and prospects for
geomagnetic storms on spaceweather.com  This is one propagation mode
where CW is so much easier to copy under the difficult conditions of
aurora.

Meteor scatter propagation is driven by the Quadrantids in the first
week of January. It peaks on the 4 January but spans the period up to
the 12 January. This is a productive shower with an hourly rate of 120.
Since it’s the last major excitement until the late April Lyrids, make
the most of it before we’re reduced to chasing random meteor activity
during the rest of winter.

We have previously mentioned the chance of out-of-season Sporadic-E
propagation in mid-winter and we still have the next week to keep alert,
especially in view of the Quadrantids adding fuel into the E region. The
ionised trails of the meteors provide long-lived metallic ions, which is
the material that gets focussed into Sporadic-E if we are lucky.

The Moon starts the weekend with a negative but rising declination,
going positive today, the 5 January, so Moon windows continue to
lengthen. Path losses are low with perigee on Wednesday. 144MHz sky
noise is low all week.
(Mike Terry/BDXC)

Music on Shortwave update

 


An updated version (version 3.0) of my Music Programs on Shortwave PDF file for the current B-24 broadcast season is now available to download from the permanent link at:

https://app.box.com/s/kbdxb4c5lwpju0kpoi27aiwc35br2g2a 

Tiny URL http://tinyurl.com/shortwaveprograms

As always, I appreciate any updates or corrections. I will update this list once more for B-24 around mid-February.

(Alan Roe, Teddington, UK/BDXC)